GREGORATOS
ET AL., ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation
of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices
http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/pacemaker/incorporated/index.htm;
2002
ACC/AHA/NSAPE
2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers
and Antiarrythmia DevicesFull Text
A
Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE
Committee on Implantation)
References
1.
Iskos D, Lurie KG, Sakaguchi S, Benditt DG. Termination of
implantable pacemaker therapy: experience in 5 patients. Ann
Intern Med 1997;126:787-90.
2.
Deleted during update.
3.
Zipes DP, DiMarco JP, Gillette PC, et al. Guidelines for clinical
intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures:
a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on
Clinical Intracardiac Electrophysiological and Catheter Ablation
Procedures), developed in collaboration with the North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol
1995;26:555-73.
4
Epstein AE, Carlson MD, Fogoros RN, Higgins SL, Venditti FJ.
Classification of death in antiarrhythmia trials. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1996;27:433-42.
5.
Kim SG, Fogoros RN, Furman S, et al. Standardized reporting
of ICD patient outcome: the report of a North American Society
of Pacing and Electrophysiology Policy Conference, February
9-10, 1993. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:1358-62.
6.
Hayes DL, Naccarelli GV, Furman S, Parsonnet V. Report of
the NASPE policy conference on training requirements for permanent
pacemaker selection, implantation, and follow-up. North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. PACE Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 1994;17:6-12.
7.
Deleted during update.
8.
Freidberg CK, Donoso E, Stein WG. Nonsurgical acquired heart
block. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1964;111:835-47.
9.
Gadboys HL, Wisoff BG, Litwak RS. Surgical treatment of complete
heart block: an analysis of 36 cases. JAMA 1964;189:97-102.
10.
Johansson BW. Complete heart block: a clinical, hemodynamic
and pharmacological study in patients with and without an
artificial pacemaker. Acta Med Scand 1966;180(Suppl 451):1-127.
11.
Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, et al. The clinical significance
of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction:
indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion.
Circulation 1978;58:689-99.
12.
Donmoyer TL, DeSanctis RW, Austen WG. Experience with implantable
pacemakers using myocardial electrodes in the management of
heart block. Ann Thorac Surg 1967;3:218-27.
13.
Edhag O, Swahn A. Prognosis of patients with complete heart
block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial
pacemakers: a long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. Acta
Med Scand 1976;200:457-63.
14.
Mymin D, Mathewson FA, Tate RB, Manfreda J. The natural history
of primary first-degree atrioventricular heart block. N Engl
J Med 1986;315:1183-7.
15.
Barold SS. Indications for permanent cardiac pacing in firstdegree
AV block: class I, II, or III? PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1996;19:747-51.
16.
Kim YH, O’Nunain S, Trouton T, et al. Pseudopacemaker
syndrome following inadvertent fast pathway ablation for atrioventricular
nodal reentrant tachycardia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993;4:178-82.
17.
Brecker SJD, Xiao HB, Sparrow J, Gibson DG. Effects of dual
chamber pacing with short atrioventricular delay in dilated
cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1992;340:1308-12.
18.
Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, Chuquimia R, Rosen KM. The significance
of second degree atrioventricular block and bundle branch
block: observations regarding site and type of block. Circulation
1974;49:638-46.
19.
Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F, Dhingra RC, et al. Natural history
of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block. Circulation
1981;63:1043-9.
20.
Donoso E, Adler LN, Friedberg CK. Unusual forms of second-degree
atrioventricular block, including Mobitz type-II block, associated
with the Morgagni-Adams-Stokes syndrome. Am Heart J 1964;67:150-7.
21.
Recommendations for pacemaker prescription for symptomatic
bradycardia: report of a working party of the British Pacing
and Electrophysiology Group. Br Heart J 1991;66:185-91.
22.
Connelly DT, Steinhaus DM. Mobitz type I atrioventricular
block: an indication for permanent pacing? PACE Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 1996;19:261-4.
23.
Shaw DB, Kekwick CA, Veale D, Gowers J, Whistance T. Survival
in second degree atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 1985;
53:587-93.
24.
Ranganathan N, Dhurandhar R, Phillips JH, Wigle ED. His Bundle
electrogram in bundle-branch block. Circulation 1972; 45:282-94.
25.
Ector H, Rolies L, De Geest H. Dynamic electrocardiography
and ventricular pauses of 3 seconds and more: etiology and
therapeutic implications. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1983;6:548-51.
26.
Shaw DB, Holman RR, Gowers JI. Survival in sinoatrial disorder
(sick-sinus syndrome). Br Med J 1980;280:139-41.
27.
Kay R, Estioko M, Wiener I. Primary sick sinus syndrome as
an indication for chronic pacemaker therapy in young adults:
incidence, clinical features, and long-term evaluation. Am
Heart J 1982;103:338-42.
28.
Gallagher JJ, Svenson RH, Kasell JH, et al. Catheter technique
for closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular conduction
system. N Engl J Med 1982;306:194-200.
29.
Langberg JJ, Chin MC, Rosenqvist M, et al. Catheter ablation
of the atrioventricular junction with radiofrequency energy.
Circulation 1989;80:1527-35.
30.
Kastor JA. Atrioventricular block (first of two parts). N
Engl J Med 1975;292:462-5.
30a.
Glikson M, Dearani JA, Hyberger LK, Schaff HV, Hammill SC,
Hayes DL. Indications, effectiveness, and long-term dependency
in permanent pacing after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997;
80:1309-13.
31.
Perloff JK, Stevenson WG, Roberts NK, Cabeen W, Weiss J. Cardiac
involvement in myotonic muscular dystrophy (Steinert’s
disease): a prospective study of 25 patients. Am J Cardiol
1984; 54:1074-81.
32.
Hiromasa S, Ikeda T, Kubota K, et al. Myotonic dystrophy:
ambulatory electrocardiogram, electrophysiologic study, and
echocardiographic evaluation. Am Heart J 1987;113:1482-8.
33.
Stevenson WG, Perloff JK, Weiss JN, Anderson TL. Facioscapulohumeral
muscular dystrophy: evidence for selective, genetic electrophysiologic
cardiac involvement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:292-9.
34.
James TN, Fisch C. Observations on the cardiovascular involvement
in Friedreich’s ataxia. Am Heart J 1963;66:164-75.
35.
Roberts NK, Perloff JK, Kark RAP. Cardiac conduction in the
Kearns-Sayre syndrome (a neuromuscular disorder associated
with progressive external ophthalmoplegia and pigmentary retinopathy):
report of 2 cases and review of 17 published cases. Am J Cardiol
1979;44:1396-1400.
36.
Charles R, Holt S, Kay JM, Epstein EJ, Rees JR. Myocardial
ultrastructure and the development of atrioventricular block
in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Circulation 1981;63:214-9.
37.
James TN. Observations on the cardiovascular involvement,
including the conduction system, in progressive muscular dystrophy.
Am Heart J 1962;63:48-56.
38.
McAlister HF, Klementowicz PT, Andrews C, Fisher JD, Feld
M, Furman S. Lyme carditis: an important cause of reversible
heart block. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:339-45.
39.
Penton GB, Miller H, Levine SA. Some clinical features of
complete heart block. Circulation 1956;13:801-24.
40.
Kulbertus H, Collignon P. Association of right bundle-branch
block with left superior or inferior intraventricular block:
its relation to complete heart block and Adams-Stokes syndrome.
Br Heart J 1969;31:435-40.
41.
DePasquale NP, Bruno MS. Natural history of combined right
bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (bilateral
bundle branch block). Am J Med 1973;54:297-303.
42.
Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, et al. Syncope in patients with
chronic bifascicular block: significance, causative mechanisms,
and clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 1974;81:302-6.
43.
Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Modin G, Brennan M, Mies C, O’Young
J. Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients
with chronic bundle branch block. Circulation 1977; 56:240-4.
44.
Denes P, Dhingra RC, Wu D, Wyndham CR, Amat-Y-Leon F, Rosen
KM. Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block.
Arch Intern Med 1977;137:1005-10.
45.
McAnulty JH, Kauffman S, Murphy E, Kassebaum DG, Rahimtoola
SH. Survival in patients with intraventricular conduction
defects. Arch Intern Med 1978;138:30-5.
46.
Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Modin C, O’Young J, Somelofski
CA, Mies C. Prophylactic permanent pacemakers for patients
with chronic bundle branch block. Am J Med 1979;66:978-85.
47.
Fisch GR, Zipes DP, Fisch C. Bundle branch block and sudden
death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1980;23:187-224.
48.
McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, et al. Natural history
of “high-risk” bundle-branch block: final report
of a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1982;307:137-43.
49.
Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suavé MJ, et al. Value of
the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and
the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:1316-22.
50.
Morady F, Higgins J, Peters RW, et al. Electrophysiologic
testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope. Am
J Cardiol 1984;54:587-91.
51.
Click RL, Gersh BJ, Sugrue DD, et al. Role of invasive electrophysiologic
testing in patients with symptomatic bundle branch block.
Am J Cardiol 1987;59:817-23.
52.
Lie KL,Wellens HJJ, Schuilenburg RM. Bundle branch block and
acute myocardial infarction. In: Wellens HJJ, Lie KI, Janse
MD, editors. The Conduction System of the Heart: Structure,
Function and Clinical Implications. Philadelphia (PA): Lea
& Febiger, 1976:662-72.
53.
Ezri M, Lerman BB, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson ME.
Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with
bifascicular block. Am Heart J 1983;106:693-7.
54.
Twidale N, Heddle WF, Ayres BF, Tonkin AM. Clinical implications
of electrophysiology study findings in patients with chronic
bifascicular block and syncope. Aust N Z J Med 1988;18:841-7.
55.
Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rehnqvist N, Aström H, Rosenqvist
M. Diagnostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation
in patients with bifascicular block: a prospective study of
patients with and without syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1508-15.
56.
Probst P, Pachinger O, Akbar Murad A, Leisch F, Kaindl F.
The HQ time in congestive cardiomyopathies. Am Heart J 1979;97:436-41.
57.
Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, et al. Significance
of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing
in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Circulation 1979;60:1455-64.
58.
Cheng TO. Atrial pacing: its diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1971;14:230-47.
59.
Gupta PK, Lichstein E, Chadda KD. Intraventricular conduction
time (H-V interval) during antegrade conduction in patients
with heart block. Am J Cardiol 1973;32:27-31.
60.
Altschuler H, Fisher JD, Furman S. Significance of isolated
H-V interval prolongation in symptomatic patients without
documented heart block. Am Heart J 1979;97:19-26.
61.
Col JJ,Weinberg SL. The incidence and mortality of intraventricular
conduction defects in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol
1972;29:344-50.
62.
Ritter WS, Atkins JM, Blomqvist CG, Mullins CB. Permanent
pacing in patients with transient trifascicular block during
acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1976;38:205-8.
63.
Ginks WR, Sutton R, Oh W, Leatham A. Long-term prognosis after
acute anterior infarction with atrioventricular block. Br
Heart J 1977;39:186-9.
64.
Domenighetti G, Perret C. Intraventricular conduction disturbances
in acute myocardial infarction: short- and long-term prognosis.
Eur J Cardiol 1980;11:51-9.
65.
Lamas GA, Muller JE, Turi ZG, et al. A simplified method to
predict occurrence of complete heart block during acute myocardial
infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:1213-9.
66.
Juma Z, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Prognostic significance
of the electrocardiogram in patients with coronary heart disease.
In: Wellens HJJ, Kulbertus HE, editors. What’s New in
Electrocardiography. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
1981:5-22.
67.
Clemmensen P, Bates ER, Califf RM, et al. Complete atrioventricular
block complicating inferior wall acute myocardial infarction
treated with reperfusion therapy. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:225-30.
68.
Goldberg RJ, Zevallos JC, Yarzebski J, et al. Prognosis of
acute myocardial infarction complicated by complete heart
block (the Worcester Heart Attack Study). Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1135-41.
69.
Behar S, Zissman E, Zion M, et al. Prognostic significance
of second-degree atrioventricular block in inferior wall acute
myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:831-4.
70.
Berger PB, Ruocco NA, Ryan TJ, et al. Incidence and prognostic
implications of heart block complicating inferior myocardial
infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: results from
TIMI II. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:533-40.
71.
Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Polikar R, Henning H, Ross
J Jr. Long-term outcome in patients with inferior myocardial
infarction and complete atrioventricular block. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1988;12:589-94.
72.
Dubois C, Piérard LA, Smeets JP, Carlier J, Kulbertus
HE. Longterm prognostic significance of atrioventricular block
in inferior acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1989;10:816-20.
73.
Kusumoto FM, Goldschlager N. Cardiac pacing. N Engl J Med
1996;334:89-97.
74.
Linde-Edelstam C, Nordlander R, Pehrsson SK, Ryden L. A double-blind
study of submaximal exercise tolerance and variation in paced
rate in atrial synchronous compared to activity sensor modulated
ventricular pacing. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:905-15.
75.
Gammage M, Schofield S, Rankin I, Bennett M, Coles P, Pentecost
B. Benefit of single setting rate responsive ventricular pacing
compared with fixed rate demand pacing in elderly patients.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:174-80.
76.
Meytes I, Kaplinsky E,Yahini JH, Hanne-Paparo N, Neufeld HN.
Wenckebach A-V block: a frequent feature following heavy physical
training. Am Heart J 1975;90:426-30.
77.
Talan DA, Bauernfeind RA, Ashley WW, Kanakis CJ, Rosen KM.
Twenty-four hour continuous ECG recordings in long-distance
runners. Chest 1982;82:19-24.
78.
Dreifus LS, Michelson EL, Kaplinsky E. Bradyarrhythmias: clinical
significance and management. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;1:327-38.
79.
Rasmussen K. Chronic sinus node disease: natural course and
indications for pacing. Eur Heart J 1981;2:455-9.
80.
Rubenstein JJ, Schulman CL, Yurchak PM, DeSanctis RW. Clinical
spectrum of the sick sinus syndrome. Circulation 1972;46:5-13.
81.
Rosenqvist M, Brandt J, Schuller H. Long-term pacing in sinus
node disease: effects of stimulation mode on cardiovascular
morbidity and mortality. Am Heart J 1988;116:16-22.
82.
Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto
G. Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction
defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing. Am J Cardiol
1990;65:729-35.
83.
Connolly SJ, Kerr C, Gent M,Yusuf S. Dual-chamber versus ventricular
pacing: critical appraisal of current data. Circulation 1996;94:578-83.
84.
Andersen HR, Thuesen L, Bagger JP, Vesterlund T, Thomsen PE.
Prospective randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular
pacing in sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1994;344:1523-8.
84a.
Andersen HR, Nielsen JC, Thomsen PEB, et al. Long-term follow
up of patients from a randomised trial of atrial versus ventricular
pacing for sick-sinus syndrome. Lancet 1997;350:1210-6.
85.
Spurrell RA, Nathan AW, Camm AJ. Clinical experience with
implantable scanning tachycardia reversion pacemakers. PACE
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1984;7:1296-1300.
86.
Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Morady F, Jacobson L. Long-term management
of recurrent paroxysmal tachycardia by cardiac burst pacing.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1985;8:35-44.
87.
Fisher JD, Johnston DR, Furman S, Mercando AD, Kim SG. Long-term
efficacy of antitachycardia pacing for supraventricular and
ventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:1311-6.
88.
Den Dulk K, Bertholet M, Brugada P, et al. Clinical experience
with implantable devices for control of tachyarrhythmias.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1984;7:548-56.
89.
Herre JM, Griffin JC, Nielsen AP, et al. Permanent triggered
antitachycardia pacemakers in the management of recurrent
sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:206-14.
90.
Saksena S, Pantopoulos D, Parsonnet V, Rothbart ST, Hussain
SM, Gielchinsky I. Usefulness of an implantable antitachycardia
pacemaker system for supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia.
Am J Cardiol 1986;58:70-4.
91.
Barold SS, Wyndham CR, Kappenberger LL, Abinader EG, Griffin
JC, Falkoff MD. Implanted atrial pacemakers for paroxysmal
atrial flutter: long-term efficacy. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:144-9.
92.
Attuel P, Pellerin D, Mugica J, Coumel P. DDD pacing: an effective
treatment modality for recurrent atrial arrhythmias. PACE
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:1647-54.
93.
Saksena S, Prakash A, Hill M, et al. Prevention of recurrent
atrial fibrillation with chronic dual-site right atrial pacing.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:687-94.
94.
Daubert C, Mabo P, Berder V. Arrhythmia prevention by permanent
atrial resynchronization in advanced intra-atrial block. Eur
Heart J 1990;11:237-42.
95.
Ward DE, Camm AJ, Spurrell RA. The response of regular reentrant
supraventricular tachycardia to right heart stimulation. PACE
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1979;2:586-95.
96.
Naccarelli GV, Zipes DP, Rahilly GT, Heger JJ, Prystowsky
EN. Influence of tachycardia cycle length and antiarrhythmic
drugs on pacing termination and acceleration of ventricular
tachycardia. Am Heart J 1983;105:1-5.
97.
Eldar M, Griffin JC,Abbott JA, et al. Permanent cardiac pacing
in patients with the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:600-7.
98.
Eldar M, Griffin JC, Van Hare GF, et al. Combined use of betaadrenergic
blocking agents and long-term cardiac pacing for patients
with the long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:830-7.
99.
Moss AJ, Robinson J. Clinical features of the idiopathic long
QT syndrome. Circulation 1992;85(suppl I):I-140-4.
100.
Naccarelli GV, Dougherty AH, Jalal S, Shih HT, Wolbrette D.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: comparative role
of therapeutic methods —drugs, devices and ablation.
In: Saksena S, Luderitz B, editors. Interventional Electrophysiology:
A
Textbook. Armonk (NY): Futura Publishing Co Inc, 1996:381-90.
101.
Fisher JD, Teichman SL, Ferrick A, Kim SG,Waspe LE, Martinez
MR. Antiarrhythmic effects of VVI pacing at physiologic rates:
a crossover controlled evaluation. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1987;10:822-30.
102.
Lau CP, Cornu E, Camm AJ. Fatal and nonfatal cardiac arrest
in patients with an implanted antitachycardia device for the
treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:919-21.
103.
Mehta D, Saksena S, Krol RB, Makhija V. Comparison of clinical
benefits and outcome in patients with programmable and nonprogrammable
implantable cardioverter defibrillators. PACE Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 1992;15:1279-90.
104.
Saksena S, Poczobutt-Johanos M, Castle LW, et al, for the
Guardian Multicenter Investigators Group. Long-term multicenter
experience with a second-generation implantable pacemakerdefibrillator
in patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J
Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:490-9.
105.
Bardy GH, Troutman C, Poole JE, et al. Clinical experience
with a tiered-therapy, multiprogrammable antiarrhythmia device.
Circulation 1992;85:1689-98.
106.
Sra JS, Jazayeri MR, Avitall B, et al. Comparison of cardiac
pacing with drug therapy in the treatment of neurocardiogenic
(vasovagal) syncope with bradycardia or asystole. N Engl J
Med 1993;328:1085-90.
107.
Sugrue DD, Gersh BJ, Holmes DR, Wood DL, Osborn MJ, Hammill
SC. Symptomatic “isolated” carotid sinus hypersensitivity:
natural history and results of treatment with anticholinergic
drugs or pacemaker. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:158-62.
108.
Peretz DI, Gerein AN, Miyagishima RT. Permanent demand pacing
for hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome. Can Med Assoc J
1973;108:1131-4.
109.
Brignole M, Menozzi C, Gianfranchi L, Oddone D, Lolli G, Bertulla
A. Neurally mediated syncope detected by carotid sinus massage
and head-up tilt test in sick sinus syndrome. Am J Cardiol
1991;68:1032-6.
110.
Benditt DG, Ferguson DW, Grubb BP, et al. Tilt table testing
for assessing syncope. American College of Cardiology. J Am
Coll Cardiol 1996;28:263-75.
111.
Sutton R, Petersen M, Brignole M, Raviele A, Menozzi C, Giani
P. Proposed classification for tilt-induced vasovagal syncope.
Eur J Cardiac Pacing Electrophysiol 1992;2:180-3.
112.
Kenny RA, Ingram A, Bayliss J, Sutton R. Head-up tilt: a useful
test for investigating unexplained syncope. Lancet 1986;1:1352-5.
113.
Fitzpatrick A, Sutton R. Tilting towards a diagnosis in recurrent
unexplained syncope. Lancet 1989;1:658-60.
114.
Petersen ME, Chamberlain-Webber R, Fitzpatrick AP, Ingram
A, Williams T, Sutton R. Permanent pacing for cardioinhibitory
malignant vasovagal syndrome. Br Heart J 1994;71:274-81.
115.
Connolly SJ, Sheldon RS, Gent M, Roberts RS, VPS Investigators.
A randomized trial of cardiac pacing for recurrent fainting:
the Vasovagal Pacemaker Study (VPS). Presented at: North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology 18th Annual Scientific
Session; May 1997; New Orleans, La.
116.
Grubb BP, Gerard G, Roush K, et al. Differentiation of convulsive
syncope and epilepsy with head up tilt testing. Ann Intern
Med 1991;115:871-6.
117.
Fisher JD. Role of electrophysiologic testing in the diagnosis
and treatment of patients with known and suspected bradycardias
and tachycardias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1981;24:25-90.
118.
Reiffel JA, Kuehnert MJ. Electrophysiological testing of sinus
node function: diagnostic and prognostic application—including
updated information from sinus node electrograms. PACE Pacing
Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:349-65.
119.
Mackintosh AF. Sinuatrial disease in young people. Br Heart
J 1981;45:62-6.
120.
Garson A Jr, Bink-Boelkens M, Hesslein PS, et al. Atrial flutter
in the young: a collaborative study of 380 cases. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1985;6:871-8.
121.
Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, et al. Arrhythmia and
mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30-year single-center
experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:194-201.
122.
Silka MJ, Manwill JR, Kron J, McAnulty JH. Bradycardia-mediated
tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease and responses
to chronic pacing at physiologic rates. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:488-93.
123.
Gillette PC, Zeigler VL, Case CL, Harold M, Buckles DS. Atrial
antitachycardia pacing in children and young adults. Am Heart
J 1991;122:844-9.
124.
Rhodes LA, Walsh EP, Gamble WJ, Triedman JK, Saul JP. Benefits
and potential risks of atrial antitachycardia pacing after
repair of congenital heart disease. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1995;18:1005-16.
125.
Kugler JD, Danford DA. Pacemakers in children: an update.
Am Heart J 1989;117:665-79.
126.
Sholler GF,Walsh EP. Congenital complete heart block in patients
without anatomic cardiac defects. Am Heart J 1989;118:1193-8.
127.
Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T. Isolated congenital
complete atrioventricular block in adult life: a prospective
study. Circulation 1995;92:442-9.
128.
Dewey RC, Capeless MA, Levy AM. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic
monitoring to identify high-risk patients with congenital
complete heart block. N Engl J Med 1987;316:835-9.
129.
Pinsky WW, Gillette PC, Garson A Jr, McNamara DG. Diagnosis,
management, and long-term results of patients with congenital
complete atrioventricular block. Pediatrics 1982;69:728-33.
130.
Michaelsson M, Engle MA. Congenital complete heart block:
an international study of the natural history. Cardiovasc
Clin 1972;4:85-101.
131.
Moss AJ, Liu JE, Gottlieb S, Locati EH, Schwartz PJ, Robinson.
JL. Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk
patients with long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991;84:1524-9.
132.
Viskin S, Alla SR, Barron HV, et al. Mode of onset of torsade
de pointes in congenital long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol
1996;28:1262-8.
133.
Trippel DL, Parsons MK, Gillette PC. Infants with long-QT
syndrome and 2:1 atrioventricular block. Am Heart J 1995;130:1130-4.
134.
Solti F, Szatmary L, Vecsey T, Renyi-Vamos FJ, Bodor E. Congenital
complete heart block associated with QT prolongation. Eur
Heart J 1992;13:1080-3.
135.
Lillehei CW, Sellers RD, Bonnanbeau RC, Eliot RS. Chronic
postsurgical complete heart block with particular reference
to prognosis, management, and a new P-wave pacemaker. J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1963;46:436-56.
136.
Kertesz N, McQuinn T, Collins E, Friedman R. Surgical atrioventricular
block in 888 congenital heart operations: new implications
for early implantation of a permanent pacemaker [abstract].
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:613.
137.
Krongrad E. Prognosis for patients with congenital heart disease
and post-operative intraventricular conduction defects. Circulation
1978;57:867-70.
138.
Silka MJ, Rice MJ. Paradoxic embolism due to altered hemodynamic
sequencing following transvenous pacing. PACE Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 1991;14:499-503.
139.
Lau YR, Gillette PC, Buckles DS, Zeigler VL. Actuarial survival
of transvenous pacing leads in a pediatric population. PACE
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:1363-7.
140.
Greenspan AM, Kay HR, Berger BC, Greenberg RM, Greenspon AJ,
Gaughan MJ. Incidence of unwarranted implantation of permanent
cardiac pacemakers in a large medical population. N Engl J
Med 1988;318:158-63.
141.
McDonald K, McWilliams E, O’Keeffe B, Maurer B. Functional
assessment of patients treated with permanent dual chamber
pacing as a primary treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Eur Heart J 1988;9:893-8.
142.
Fananapazir L, Epstein ND, Curiel RV, Panza JA, Tripodi D,
McAreavey D. Long-term results of dual-chamber (DDD) pacing
in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: evidence for progressive
symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement and reduction of left
ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1994;90:2731-42.
143.
Fananapazir L, Cannon RO, Tripodi D, Panza JA. Impact of dualchamber
permanent pacing in patients with obstructive hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy with symptoms refractory to verapamil and beta-adrenergic
blocker therapy. Circulation 1992;85:2149-61.
144.
Deleted during update.
145.
Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Ilstrup DM, Holmes DR, Tajik AJ. Effect
of dual-chamber pacing on systolic and diastolic function
in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: acute Doppler
echocardiographic and catheterization hemodynamic study. J
Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:421-30.
146.
Nishimura RA, Symanski JD, Hurrell DG, Trusty JM, Hayes DL,
Tajik AJ. Dual-chamber pacing for cardiomyopathies: a 1996
clinical perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:1077-87.
147.
Deleted during update.
148.
Deleted during update.
149.
Deleted during update.
150.
Deleted during update.
151.
Deleted during update.
152.
Kappenberger L, Linde C, Daubert C, et al. Pacing in hypertrophic
obstructive cardiomyopathy (PIC): a randomized cross-over
study. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1249-56.
153.
Jeanrenaud X, Goy JJ, Kappenberger L. Effects of dual-chamber
pacing in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet
1992;339:1318-23.
154.
Nishimura RA, Trusty JM, Hayes DL, et al. Dual-chamber pacing
for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a randomized, double-blind,
crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:435-41.
155.
Rishi F, Hulse JE, Auld DO, et al. Effects of dual-chamber
pacing for pediatric patients with hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:734-40.
156.
Nishimura RA, Hayes DL, Holmes DR, Tajik AJ. Mechanism of
hemodynamic improvement by dual-chamber pacing for severe
left ventricular dysfunction: an acute Doppler and catheterization
hemodynamic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:281-8.
157.
Hochleitner M, Hortnagl H, Fridrich L, Gschnitzer F. Long-term
efficacy of physiologic dual-chamber pacing in the treatment
of end-stage idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol
1992; 70:1320-5.
158.
Auricchio A, Sommariva L, Salo RW, Scafuri A, Chiariello L.
Improvement of cardiac function in patients with severe congestive
heart failure and coronary artery disease by dual chamber
pacing with shortened AV delay. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1993;16:2034-43.
159.
Linde C, Gadler F, Edner M, Nordlander R, Rosenqvist M, Ryden
L. Results of atrioventricular synchronous pacing with optimized
delay in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Am
J Cardiol 1995;75:919-23.
160.
Deleted during update.
161.
Deleted during update.
162.
Deleted during update.
163.
Deleted during update.
164.
Deleted during update.
165.
DiBiase A, Tse TM, Schnittger I,Wexler L, Stinson EB, Valantine
HA. Frequency and mechanism of bradycardia in cardiac transplant
recipients and need for pacemakers. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67:1385-9.
166.
Heinz G, Hirschl M, Buxbaum P, Laufer G, Gasic S, Laczkovics
A. Sinus node dysfunction after orthotopic cardiac transplantation:postoperative
incidence and long-term implications. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1992;15:731-7.
167.
Scott CD, Dark JH, McComb JM. Sinus node function after cardiac
transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1334-41.
168.
Scott CD, Omar I, McComb JM, Dark JH, Bexton RS. Long-term
pacing in heart transplant recipients is usually unnecessary.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:1792-6.
169.
Montero JA, Anguita M, Concha M, et al. Pacing requirements
after orthotopic heart transplantation: incidence and related
factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992;11:799-802.
170.
Payne ME, Murray KD, Watson KM, et al. Permanent pacing in
heart transplant recipients: underlying causes and long-term
results. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991;10:738-42.
171.
Grinstead WC, Smart FW, Pratt CM, et al. Sudden death caused
by bradycardia and asystole in a heart transplant patient
with coronary arteriopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 1991;10:931-6.
172.
Bertolet BD, Eagle DA, Conti JB, Mills RM Jr, Belardinelli
L.Bradycardia after heart transplantation: reversal with theophylline.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:396-9.
173.
Bernstein AD, Camm AJ, Fletcher RD, et al. The NASPE/BPEG
generic pacemaker code for antibradyarrhythmia and adaptiverate
pacing and antitachyarrhythmia devices. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1987;10:794-9.
174.
Toivonen L, Lommi J. Dependence of atrial sensing function
on posture in a single-lead atrial triggered ventricular (VDD)
pacemaker. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:309-13
175.
Mond H, Stokes K, Helland J, et al. The porous titanium steroid
eluting electrode: a double blind study assessing the stimulation
threshold effects of steroid. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1988;11:214-9.
176.
Crossley GH, Reynolds D, Kay GN, et al, for the Model 4068
Investigators. Treatment of patients with prior exit block
using a novel steroid-eluting active fixation lead. PACE Pacing
Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:2042-6.
177.
Karpawich PP, Hakimi M, Arciniegas E, Cavitt DL. Improved
chronic epicardial pacing in children: steroid contribution
to porous platinized electrodes. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1992;15:1151-7.
178.
Deleted during update.
179.
Ovsyshcher IE. Matching optimal pacemaker to patient: do we
need a large scale clinical trial of pacemaker mode selection?
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:1845-52.
180.
Linde C. How to evaluate quality-of-life in pacemaker patients:
problems and pitfalls. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:391-7.
181.
Van Hemel NM. Pacemakers and quality of life. Eur J Cardiac
Pacing Electrophysiol 1993;1:27-28.
182.
Adornato E, Bacca F, Polimeni RM. Ventricular single-chamber
RR pacing in comparison to dual-chamber RR pacing: preliminary
results of an Italian multicenter trial [abstract]. PACE Pacing
Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:1147.
183.
Barrington WW, Windle JR, Easley AA, Rundlett R, Eisenger
G. Clinical comparison of acute single to dual chamber pacing
in chronotropically incompetent patients with left ventricular
dysfunction. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:433-40.
184.
Brandt J, Schuller H. Pacing for sinus node disease: a therapeutic
rationale. Clin Cardiol 1994;17:495-8.
185.
Lamas GA, Estes NM, Schneller S, Flaker GC. Does dual chamber
or atrial pacing prevent atrial fibrillation? The need for
a randomized controlled trial. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1992;15:1109-13.
186.
Rosenqvist M, Obel IW. Atrial pacing and the risk for AV block:
is there a time for change in attitude? PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1989;12:97-101.
187.
Brandt J, Anderson H, Fahraeus T, Schuller H. Natural history
of sinus node disease treated with atrial pacing in 213 patients:implications
for selection of stimulation mode. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:633-9.
188.
Katritsis D, Camm AJ. AAI pacing mode: when is it indicated
and how should it be achieved? Clin Cardiol 1993;16:339-43.
189.
Sutton R, Kenny RA. The natural history of sick sinus syndrome.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1986;9:1110-4.
190.
Haywood GA, Ward J, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Atrioventricular Wenckebach
point and progression to atrioventricular block in sinoatrial
disease. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:2054-8.
191.
Mabo P, Pouillot C, Kermarrec A, Lelong B, Lebreton H, Daubert
C. Lack of physiological adaptation of the atrioventricular
interval to heart rate in patients chronically paced in the
AAIR mode. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:2133-42.
192.
Alpert MA, Curtis JJ, Sanfelippo JF, et al. Comparative survival
after permanent ventricular and dual chamber pacing for patients
with chronic high degree atrioventricular block with and without
preexistent congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7:925-32.
193.
Bernstein AD, Parsonnet V. Survey of cardiac pacing and defibrillation
in the United States in 1993. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:187-96.
194.
Channon KM, Hargreaves MR, Cripps TR, Gardner M, Ormerod OJ.
DDD vs. VVI pacing in patients aged over 75 years with complete
heart block: a double-blind crossover comparison. QJM 1994;87:245-51.
195.
Lamas GA, Pashos CL, Normand SL, McNeil B. Permanent pacemaker
selection and subsequent survival in elderly Medicare pacemaker
recipients. Circulation 1995;91:1063-9.
196.
Crossley GH, Gayle DD, Simmons TW, Haisty WK, Bailey JR, Davis-O’Brien
K. Reprogramming pacemakers enhances longevity and is cost-effective.
Circulation 1996;94(Suppl II):II-245-7.
197.
McGregor M. The reuse of cardiac pacemakers. Can J Cardiol
1992;8:697-701.
198.
Bernstein AD, Irwin ME, Parsonnet V, et al. Report of the
NASPE Policy Conference on antibradycardia pacemaker follow-up:
effectiveness, needs, and resources. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1994;17:1714-29.
199.
Levine PA, Belott PH, Bilitch M, et al. Recommendations of
the NASPE policy conference on pacemaker programmability and
follow-up programs. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1983;
6:1222-3.
200.
Levine PA. Proceedings of the policy conference of the North
American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology on programmability
and pacemaker follow-up programs. Clin Prog Pacing Electrophysiol
1984;2:145-91.
201.
Medicare Coverage Issues Manual. Baltimore (MD): US Dept of
Health and Human Services, Health Care Financing Administration;
1990. HCFA publication 6 Thur Rev. 42.
202.
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, et al. Termination of malignant
ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator
in human beings. N Engl J Med 1980;303:322-4.
203.
Lehmann MH, Steinman RT, Schuger CD, Jackson K. The automatic
implantable cardioverter defibrillator as antiarrhythmic treatment
modality of choice for survivors of cardiac arrest unrelated
to acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:803-5.
204.
Saksena S, Breithardt G, Dorian P, Greene HL, Madan N, Block
M. Nonpharmacological therapy for malignant ventricular arrhythmias:
implantable defibrillator trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;38:429-44.
205.
Tchou PJ, Kadri N, Anderson J, Caceres JA, Jazayeri M, Akhtar
M. Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators and survival
of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and malignant
ventricular arrhythmias. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:529-34.
206.
Fogoros RN, Fiedler SB, Elson JJ. The automatic implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator in drug-refractory ventricular
tachyarrhythmias. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:635-41.
207.
Winkle RA, Mead RH, Ruder MA, et al. Long-term outcome with
the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am
Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1353-61.
208.
Fogoros RN, Elson JJ, Bonnet CA, Fiedler SB, Burkholder JA.
Efficacy of the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
in prolonging survival in patients with severe underlying
cardiac disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:381-6.
209.
Newman D, Sauve MJ, Herre J, et al. Survival after implantation
of the cardioverter defibrillator. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:899-903.
210.
Powell AC, Fuchs T, Finkelstein DM, et al. Influence of implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators on the long-term prognosis of
survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 1993;88:1083-92.
211.
Crandall BG, Morris CD, Cutler JE, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
therapy in survivors of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death
without inducible arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1186-92.
212.
Mehta D, Saksena S, Krol RB, et al. Device use patterns and
clinical outcome of implantable cardioverter defibrillator
patients with moderate and severe impairment of left ventricular
function. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993;16:179-85.
213.
Nisam S, Kaye SA, Mower MM, Hull M. AICD automatic cardioverter
defibrillator clinical update: 14 years experience in over
34,000 patients. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:142-7.
214.
Porterfield JG, Porterfield LM, Smith BA, Bray L. Experience
with three different third-generation cardioverter-defibrillators
in patients with coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol 1993;72:301-4.
215.
Axtell K, Tchou P, Akhtar M. Survival in patients with depressed
left ventricular function treated by implantable cardioverter
defibrillator. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:291-6.
216.
Saksena S, for the PCD Investigators. Clinical outcome of
patients with malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias and a
multiprogrammable implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implanted
with or without thoracotomy: an international multicenter
study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:1521-30.
217.
Zipes DP, Roberts D, for the Pacemaker-Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Investigators. Results of the international study of the implantable
pacemaker cardioverter-defibrillator: a comparison of epicardial
and endocardial lead systems. Circulation 1995; 92:59-65.
218.
Bardy GH, Yee R, Jung W, for the Active Can Investigators.
Multicenter experience with a pectoral unipolar implantable
cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:400-10.
219.
Wever EF, Hauer RN, Schrijvers G, et al. Cost-effectiveness
of implantable defibrillator as first-choice therapy versus
electrophysiologically guided, tiered strategy in postinfarct
sudden death survivors: a randomized study. Circulation 1996;93:489-96.
220.
Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with
an implanted defibrillator in patients with prior myocardial
infarction, low ejection fraction and asymptomatic non-sustained
ventricular tachycardia. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-40.
221.
The AVID investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic drug
therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated
from near fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1576-83.
222.
Saksena S, Krol RB, Kaushik RR. Innovations in pulse generators
and lead systems: balancing complexity with clinical benefit
and long-term results. Am Heart J 1994;127:1010-21.
223.
Timmis GC. The development of implantable cardioversion defibrillation
systems: the clinical chronicle of defibrillation leads. Am
Heart J 1994;127:1003-9.
224.
Jung W, Manz M, Luderitz B. New technology for implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators: capacitors, lead systems, shock
waveforms. In: Saksena S, Luderitz B, editors. Interventional
Electrophysiology. 2nd ed. Armonk (NY): Futura Publishing
Co; 1996:257-81.
225.
Grimm W, Flores BF, Marchlinski FE. Symptoms and electrocardiographically
documented rhythm preceding spontaneous shocks in patients
with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Am J Cardiol
1993;71:1415-8.
226.
Song SL. Performance of implantable cardiac rhythm management
devices. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:692-708.
227.
Hook BG, Marchlinski FE. Value of ventricular electrogram
recordings in the diagnosis of arrhythmias precipitating electrical
device shock therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:985-90.
228.
Leitch JW, Gillis AM, Wyse DG, et al. Reduction in defibrillator
shocks with an implantable device combining antitachycardia
pacing and shock therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:145-51.
229.
Luderitz B, Jung W, Deister A, Manz M. Quality of life in
multiprogrammable ICD recipients. In: Saksena S, Luderitz
B, editors. Interventional Electrophysiology. 2nd ed. Armonk
(NY): Futura Publishing Co, 1996:305-13.
230.
Flowers NC, Abildskov JA, Armstrong WF, et al, for the Electrophysiology/Electrocardiography
Subcommittee, American College of Cardiology. ACC policy statement:
recommended guidelines for training in adult clinical cardiac
electrophysiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:637-40.
231.
Mirowski M, Reid PR, Winkle RA, et al. Mortality in patients
with implanted automatic defibrillators. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:585-8.
232.
Deleted during update.
233.
Deleted during update.
234.
Deleted during update.
235.
Deleted during update.
236.
Deleted during update.
237.
Kim SG. Implantable defibrillator therapy: does it really
prolong life? How can we prove it? Am J Cardiol 1993;71:1213-8.
238.
Borggrefe M, Chen X, Martinez-Rubio A, et al. The role of
implantable cardioverter defibrillators in dilated cardiomyopathy.
Am Heart J 1994;127:1145-50.
239.
Silka MJ, Kron J, Dunnigan A, Dick M II, for the Pediatric
Electrophysiology Society. Sudden cardiac death and the use
of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric patients.
Circulation 1993;87:800-7.
240.
Mason JW, for the Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic
Monitoring Investigators. A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic
drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. N Engl
J Med 1993;329:452-8.
241.
Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furburg CD. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic
drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction: an overview of
results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1993;270:1589-95.
242.
Mitchell LB, Duff HJ, Gillis AM, Ramadan D, Wyse DG. A randomized
clinical trial of the noninvasive and invasive approaches
to drug therapy for ventricular tachycardia: long-term follow-up
of the Calgary trial. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;38:377-84.
243.
Cardiac Arrest in Seattle: Conventional versus Amiodarone
Drug Evaluation (the CASCADE study). Am J Cardiol 1991;67:578-84.
244.
Deleted during update.
245.
Deleted during update.
246.
Deleted during update.
247.
Steinbeck G, Andresen D, Bach P, et al. A comparison of electrophysiologically
guided antiarrhythmic drug therapy with betablocker therapy
in patients with symptomatic, sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
N Engl J Med 1992;327:987-92.
248.
Ceremuzynski L, Kleczar E, Krzeminska-Pakula M, et al. Effect
of amiodarone on mortality after myocardial infarction: a
doubleblind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol
1992; 20:1056-62.
249.
Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D.
Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors
of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular
arrhythmias: Basel Antiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival
(BASIS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1711-8.
250.
Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, et al, for the European Myocardial
Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Randomized trial of
effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular
dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. Lancet
1997;349:667-74.
251.
Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, Gent M, for the Canadian
Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial Investigators.
Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in
patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature
depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet 1997;349:675-82.
252.
Deleted during update.
253.
Deleted during update.
254.
Deleted during update.
255.
Ferguson TB Jr. The future of arrhythmia surgery. J Cardiovasc
Electrophysiol 1994;5:621-34.
256.
Saksena S, Gielchinsky I, Tullo NG. Argon laser ablation of
malignant ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary
artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1298-1304.
257.
Svenson RH, Littmann L, Gallagher JJ, et al. Termination of
ventricular tachycardia with epicardial laser photocoagulation:
a clinical comparison with patients undergoing successful
endocardial photocoagulation alone. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:163-70.
258.
Borggrefe M, Podczeck A, Ostermeyer J, Breithardt G, The Surgical
Ablation Registry. Long-term results of electrophysiologically
guided antitachycardia surgery in ventricular tachyarrhythmias:
a collaborative report on 665 patients. In: Breithardt G,
Borggrefe M, Zipes DP, editors. Nonpharmacological Therapy
of Tachyarrhythmias. Mount Kisco (NY): Futura Publishing Inc,
1987:109-32.
259.
Stevenson WG, Khan H, Sager P, et al. Identification of reentry
circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation
of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction.
Circulation 1993;88:1647-70.
260.
Morady F, Harvey M, Kalbfleisch SJ, el-Atassi R, Calkins H,
Langberg JJ. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular
tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation
1993;87:363-72.
261.
Gonska BD, Cao K, Schaumann A, Dorszewski A, von zur Muhlen
F, Kreuzer H. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia
in 136 patients with coronary artery disease: results and
long-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1506-14.
262.
Hindricks G, for the Multicentre European Radiofrequency Survey
(MERFS) Investigators of the Working Group on Arrhythmias
of the European Society of Cardiology. The Multicentre European
Radiofrequency Survey (MERFS): complications of radiofrequency
catheter ablation of arrhythmias. Eur Heart J 1993;14:1644-53.
263.
Klein LS, Shih HT, Hackett FK, Zipes DP, Miles WM. Radiofrequency
catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients without
structural heart disease. Circulation 1992;85:1666-74.
264.
Blanck Z, Dhala A, Deshpande S, Sra J, Jazayeri M, Akhtar
M. Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia: cumulative
experience in 48 patients. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1993;4:253-62.
265.
Leclercq JF, Chouty F, Cauchemez B, Leenhardt A, Coumel P,
Slama R. Results of electrical fulguration in arrhythmogenic
right ventricular disease. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:220-4.
266.
Bocker D, Haverkamp W, Block M, Borggrefe M, Hammel D, Breithardt
G. Comparison of D,L-sotalol and implantable defibrillators
for treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation
1996;94:151-7.
267.
Wever EF, Hauer RN, van Capelle FL, et al. Randomized study
of implantable defibrillator as first-choice therapy versus
conventional strategy in postinfarct sudden death survivors.
Circulation 1995;91:2195-2203.
268.
Siebels J, Kuck KH. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
compared with antiarrhythmic drug treatment in cardiac arrest
survivors (the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg). Am Heart J 1994;127:1139-44.
269.
Krol RB, Saksena S. Clinical trials of antiarrhythmic drugs
in recipients of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.
In: Saksena S, Luderitz B, editors. Interventional Electrophysiology.
2nd ed. Armonk (NY): Futura Publishing Co, 1996:365-75.
270.
Lehmann MH, Saksena S, for the NASPE Policy Conference Committee.
Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in cardiovascular
practice: report of the Policy Conference of the North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. PACE Pacing Clin
Electrophysiol 1991;14:969-79.
271.
Steinbeck G, Dorwarth U, Mattke S, et al. Hemodynamic deterioration
during ICD implant: predictors of high-risk patients. Am Heart
J 1994;127:1064-7.
272.
Fuster V, Gersh BJ, Giuliani ER, Tajik AJ, Brandenburg RO,
Frye RL. The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Am J Cardiol 1981;47:525-31.
273.
Johnson RA, Palacios I. Dilated cardiomyopathies of the adult
(first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1982;307:1051-8.
274.
Follansbee WP, Michelson EL, Morganroth J. Nonsustained ventricular
tachycardia in ambulatory patients: characteristics and association
with sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92:741-7.
275.
Milner PG, DiMarco JP, Lerman BB. Electrophysiological evaluation
of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in idiopathic dilated
cardiomyopathy. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:562-8.
276.
Groh WJ, Silka MJ, Oliver RP, Halperin BD, McAnulty JH, Kron
J. Use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in the congenital
long QT syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1996;78:703-6.
277.
Garson AJ, Dick MI, Fournier A, et al. The long QT syndrome
in children: an international study of 287 patients. Circulation
1993;87:1866-72.
278.
Schwartz PJ. Idiopathic long QT syndrome: progress and questions.
Am Heart J 1985;109:399-411.
279.
Topaz O, Perin E, Cox M, Mallon SM, Castellanos A, Myerburg
RJ. Young adult survivors of sudden cardiac arrest: analysis
of invasive evaluation of 22 subjects. Am Heart J 1989;118:281-7.
280.
Viskin S, Belhassen B. Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.
Am Heart J 1990;120:661-71.
281.
Wellens HJ, Lemery R, Smeets JL, et al. Sudden arrhythmic
death without overt heart disease. Circulation 1992;85(Suppl
I):I-92-7.
282.
McKenna WJ, Franklin RC, Nihoyannopoulos P, Robinson KC, Deanfield
JE. Arrhythmia and prognosis in infants, children and adolescents
with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:147-53.
283.
Nicod P, Polikar R, Peterson KL. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
and sudden death. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1255-7.
284.
Fananapazir L, Epstein SE. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic
evaluation of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy surviving
cardiac arrest. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:280-7.
285.
Hamilton RM, Dorian P, Gow RM,Williams WG. Five-year experience
with implantable defibrillators in children. Am J Cardiol
1996;77:524-6.
286.
Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Guiraudon G, et al. Right ventricular
dysplasia: a report of 24 adult cases. Circulation 1982;65:384-98.
287.
Breithardt G, Wichter T, Haverkamp W, et al. Implantable cardioverter
defibrillator therapy in patients with arrhythmogenic right
ventricular cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, or no structural
heart disease. Am Heart J 1994;127:1151-8.
288.
Wichter T, Block M, Bocker D, Borggrefe G, Breithardt G. Cardioverter-defibrillator
therapy in a high-risk subgroup of patients with arrhythmogenic
right ventricular disease [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:127A.
289.
Krol RB, Morady F, Flaker GC, et al. Electrophysiologic testing
in patients with unexplained syncope: clinical and noninvasive
predictors of outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:358-63.
290.
DiMarco JP, Garan H, Harthorne JW, Ruskin JN. Intracardiac
electrophysiologic techniques in recurrent syncope of unknown
case. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:542-8.
291.
Akhtar M, Shenasa M, Denker S, Gilbert CJ, Rizwi N. Role of
cardiac electrophysiologic studies in patients with unexplained
recurrent syncope. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1983;6:192-201.
292.
Akhtar M, Garan H, Lehmann MH, Troup PJ. Sudden cardiac death:
management of high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114:499-512.
293.
Kron J, Silka MJ, Ohm OJ, et al. Preliminary experience with
nonthoracotomy implantable cardioverter defibrillators in
young patients. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:26-31.
294.
Driscoll DJ, Edwards WD. Sudden unexpected death in children
and adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5(Suppl 6):118B-21B.
295.
Walsh CK, Krongrad E. Terminal cardiac electrical activity
in pediatric patients. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:557-61.
296.
Eisenberg M, Bergner L, Hallstrom A. Epidemiology of cardiac
arrest and resuscitation in children. Ann Emerg Med 1983;
12:672-4.
297.
Silka MJ, Kron J, Cutler JE, McAnulty JH. Analysis of programmed
stimulation methods in the evaluation of ventricular arrhythmias
in patients 20 years old and younger. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:826-30.
298.
Garson AJ. Ventricular arrhythmias after repair of congenital
heart disease: who needs treatment? Cardiol Young 1991;1:177-81.
299.
Keane JF, Driscoll DJ, Gersony WM, et al. Second natural history
study of congenital heart defects: results of treatment of
patients with aortic valvular stenosis. Circulation 1993;87(Suppl
I):I-16-27.
300.
Evans RW, Manninen DL, Dong FB, Frist WH, Kirklin JK. The
medical and surgical determinants of heart transplantation
outcomes: the results of a consensus survey in the United
States. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993;12:42-5.
301.
Maron BJ, Fananapazir L. Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1992;85(Suppl I):I-57-63.
302.
Kaminer SJ, Pickoff AS, Dunnigan A, Sterba R, Wolff GS. Cardiomyopathy
and the use of implanted cardio-defibrillators in children.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:593-7.
303.
Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM.
The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular
dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial
infarction. Circulation 1984;69:250-8.
304.
Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Waxman HL, Flores BT, Cassidy DM,
Josephson ME. Prognostic factors in nonsustained ventricular
tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:1275-9.
305.
Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity
in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: the
Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:781-8.
306.
Sim I, McDonald KM, Lavori PW, Norbutas CM, Hlatky MA. Quantitative
overview of randomized trials of amiodarone to prevent sudden
cardiac death. Circulation 1997;96:2823-9.
307.
Wilber DJ, Olshansky B, Moran JF, Scanlon PJ. Electrophysiological
testing and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia: use and
limitations in patients with coronary artery disease and impaired
ventricular function. Circulation 1990;82:350-8.
308.
Saksena S, Moss AJ, Giorgeberidze I, et al. Factors associated
with shock delivery in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator
Implantation Trial (MADIT) [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;
29(Suppl A):79A.
309.
Bigger JT Jr, for the CABG-Patch Investigators. Prophylactic
use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high
risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass
graft surgery. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1569-75.
310.
Grimm M, Wieselthaler G, Avanessian R, et al. The impact of
implantable cardioverter-defibrillators on mortality among
patients on the waiting list for heart transplantation. J
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995;110:532-9.
311.
Sweeney MO, Ruskin JN, Garan H, et al. Influence of the implantable
cardioverter/defibrillator on sudden death and total mortality
in patients evaluated for cardiac transplantation. Circulation
1995;92:3273-81.
312.
Bigger JT Jr. Why patients with congestive heart failure die:
arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 1987;75(5
Pt 2):IV-28-35.
313.
Defibrilat Study Group. Actuarial risk of sudden death while
awaiting cardiac transplantation in patients with atherosclerotic
heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1991;68:545-6.
314.
Bigger JT Jr. Prophylactic use of implantable cardioverter
defibrillators: medical, technical, economic considerations.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:376-80.
315.
Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Middlekauff HR, Saxon LA. Sudden
death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction.
Circulation 1993;88:2953-61.
316.
Vlay SC, Olson LC, Fricchione GL, Friedman R. Anxiety and
anger in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias: responses
after automatic internal cardioverter defibrillator implantation.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989;12:366-73.
317.
Luderitz B, Jung W, Deister A, Marneros A, Manz M. Patient
acceptance of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator in
ventricular tachyarrhythmias. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol
1993;16:1815-21.
318.
O’Donoghue S, Platia EV, Brooks-Robinson S, Mispireta
L. Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: is early
implantation cost-effective? J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1258-63.
319.
Kuppermann M, Luce BR, McGovern B, Podrid PJ, Bigger JT, Ruskin
JN. An analysis of the cost effectiveness of the implantable
defibrillator. Circulation 1990;81:91-100.
320.
Saksena S, Madan N, Lewis C. Implanted cardioverter-defibrillators
are preferable to drugs as primary therapy in sustained ventricular
tachyarrhythmias. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;38:445-54.
321.
Kupersmith J, Hogan A, Guerrero P, et al. Evaluating and improving
the cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
Am Heart J 1995;130:507-15.
322.
Larson GC, Manolis AS, Sonnenberg FA, et al. Cost-effectiveness
of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: effect of improved
battery life and comparison with amiodarone therapy. J Am
Coll Cardiol 1992;19:1323-34.
323.
Owens DK, Sanders GD, Harris RA, et al. Cost-effectiveness
of implantable cardioverter defibrillators relative to amiodarone
for prevention of sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:1-12.
324.
Deleted during update.
325.
Wood MA. Lessons learned from data logging in a multicenter
clinical trial using a late-generation implantable cardioverterdefibrillator.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1692-9.
326.
Pinski SL, Fahy GJ. The proarrhythmic potential of implantable
cardioverter-defibrillators. Circulation 1995;92:1651-64.
327.
Raitt MH, Dolack GL, Kudenchuk PJ, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias
detected after transvenous defibrillator implantation in patients
with a clinical history of only ventricular fibrillation.
Circulation 1995;91:1996-2001.
328.
Scheinman MM, Akhtar M, Brugada P, et al. Teaching objectives
for fellowship programs in clinical electrophysiology. J Am
Coll Cardiol 1988;12:255-61.
329.
Faust M, Fraser J, Schurig L, et al. Educational guidelines
for the clinically associated professional in cardiac pacing
and electrophysiology. PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:1448-55.
330.
Fetter JG, Stanton MS, Benditt DG, Trusty J, Collins J. Transtelephonic
monitoring and transmission of stored arrhythmia detection
and therapy data from an implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
PACE Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1995;18:1531-9.
331.
Epstein AE, Miles WM, Benditt DG, et al. Personal and public
safety issues related to arrhythmias that may affect consciousness:
implications for regulation and physician recommendations:
a medical/scientific statement from the American Heart Association
and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.
Circulation 1996;94:1147-66.
332.
Jung W, Luderitz B. European policy on driving for patients
with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. PACE Pacing
Clin Electrophysiol 1995;19:981-4.
333.
Maron BJ, Poliac LC, Kaplan JA, Mueller FO. Blunt impact to
the chest leading to sudden death from cardiac arrest during
sports activities. N Engl J Med 1995;333:337-42.
334.
Love CJ, Wilkoff BL, Byrd CL, et al, for the North American
Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Lead Extraction Conference
|