BRAUNWALD
ET AL., MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH UNSTABLE ANGINA AND NON-ST-SEGMENT
ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UPDATE
http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/unstable/update_index.htm
ACC/AHA
2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With
Unstable Angina and Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A
Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on
the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)
This
is a Guideline Update of the 2000 Unstable Angina Guidelines.
To highlight the changes, deleted text is indicated by strikeout,
and revised text is presented in brown. A clean version of
the document, with changes fully incorporated, is available
for download and print.
References
1.
Braunwald E, Mark DB, Jones RH, et al. Unstable angina: diagnosis
and management. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
US Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human
Services; 1994:1. AHCPR Publication 94-0602.
2.
National Center for Health Statistics. Detailed diagnoses
and procedures: National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1996.
Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998:13.
Data from Vital and Health Statistics.
3.
Nourjah P. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey:
1997 emergency department summary. Hyattsville, MD: National
Center for Health Statistics; 1999:304. Advance data from
Vital and Health Statistics.
4.
Anderson HV, Cannon CP, Stone PH, et al. One-year results
of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) IIIB clinical
trial: a randomized comparison of tissue-type plasminogen
activator versus placebo and early invasive versus early conservative
strategies in unstable angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1643-50.
5.
Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction:
a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart
Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on
Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). 1999 update. Available
at: http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/ami.html. Accessed
August 30, 1999.
6.
Wu AH, Apple FS, Gibler WB, Jesse RL, Warshaw MM, Valdes RJ.
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Standards of Laboratory
Practice recommendations for the use of cardiac markers in
coronary artery diseases. Clin Chem 1999;45:1104-21.
7.
Braunwald E. Unstable angina: an etiologic approach to management
(editorial). Circulation 1998;98:2219-22.
8.
Braunwald E. Unstable angina classification. Circulation 1989;80:410-4.
9.
Campeau L. Grading of angina pectoris (letter). Circulation
1976;54:522-3.
10.
PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary
syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial InvestigatorsPlatelet Glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin
Therapy. N Engl J Med 1998;339:436-43.
11.
Selker HP, Beshansky JR, Griffith JL, et al. Use of the acute
cardiac ischemia time-insensitive predictive instrument (ACI-TIPI)
to assist with triage of patients with chest pain or other
symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia: a multicenter,
controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:845-55.
12.
Ghali JK, Cooper RS, Kowatly I, Liao Y. Delay between onset
of chest pain and arrival to the coronary care unit among
minority and disadvantaged patients. J Natl Med Assoc 1993;85:180-4.
13.
Hargarten K, Chapman PD, Stueven HA, et al. Prehospital prophylactic
lidocaine does not favorably affect outcome in patients with
chest pain. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1274-79.
14.
Newby LK, Califf RM, Guerci A, et al. Early discharge in the
thrombolytic era: an analysis of criteria for uncomplicated
infarction from the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and
t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) trial. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1996;27:625-32.
15.
Maynard C, Weaver WD, Lambrew C, Bowlby LJ, Rogers WJ, Rubison
RM, for participants in the National Registry of Myocardial
Infarction. Factors influencing the time to administration
of thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen
activator (data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction).
Am J Cardiol 1995;76:548-52.
16.
Weaver WD, Cerqueira M, Hallstrom AP, et al. Prehospital-initiated
vs hospital-initiated thrombolytic therapy: the Myocardial
Infarction Triage and Intervention Trial. JAMA 1993;270:1211-6.
17.
Pope JH, Ruthazer R, Beshansky JR, Griffith JL, Selker HP.
Clinical features of emergency department patients presenting
with symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemiaa multicenter
study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998;6:63-74.
18.
Theroux P, Fuster V. Acute coronary syndromes: unstable angina
and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;97:
1195-206.
19.
Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of
early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina
and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI
IIIB trial. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Ischemia. Circulation
1994;89: 1545-56.
20.
SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive
drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension:
final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly
Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-64.
21.
Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management
in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS)
Study Investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave
myocardial infarction [erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1998;339:415].
N Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-97.
22.
Cohen M, Stinnett S, Weatherley B, et al. Predictors of recurrent
ischemic events and death in unstable coronary artery disease
after treatment with combination antithrombotic therapy. Am
Heart J 2000;139:962-70.
23.
Chaitman BR, Bourassa MG, Davis K, et al. Angiographic prevalence
of high-risk coronary artery disease in patient subsets (CASS).
Circulation 1981;64:360-7.
24.
Pryor DB, Harrell FEJ, Lee KL, Califf RM, Rosati RA. Estimating
the likelihood of significant coronary artery disease. Am
J Med 1983;75:771-80.
25.
Pryor DB, Shaw L, McCants CB, et al. Value of the history
and physical in identifying patients at increased risk for
coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:81-90.
26.
Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM
guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable
angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:2092-197.
27.
Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg M, Sargent RK, Wilson C, Goldman
L. Acute chest pain in the emergency room: identification
and examination of low-risk patients. Arch Intern Med 1985;145:65-9.
28.
Pozen MW, D'Agostino RB, Selker HP, Sytkowski PA, Hood WBJ.
A predictive instrument to improve coronary-care-unit admission
practices in acute ischemic heart disease: a prospective multicenter
clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1273-8.
29.
Selker HP, Griffith JL, D'Agostino RB. A tool for judging
coronary care unit admission appropriateness, valid for both
real-time and retrospective use: a time-insensitive predictive
instrument (TIPI) for acute cardiac ischemiaa multicenter
study [erratum appears in Med Care 1992;30:188]. Med Care
1991;29:610-27.
30.
Brieger DB, Mak KH, White HD, et al. Benefit of early sustained
reperfusion in patients with prior myocardial infarction (the
GUSTO-I trial). Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA
for Occluded Arteries. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:282-7.
31.
Hochman JS, Tamis JE, Thompson TD, et al, for the Global Use
of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute
Coronary Syndromes IIb Investigators. Sex, clinical presentation,
and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl
J Med 1999;341:226-32.
32.
Hochman JS, McCabe CH, Stone PH, et al, for the TIMI Investigators:
Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction. Outcome and profile
of women and men presenting with acute coronary syndromes:
a report from TIMI IIIB. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:141-8.
33.
Scirica BM, Moliterno DJ, Every NR, et al, for the GUARANTEE
Investigators. Differences between men and women in the management
of unstable angina pectoris (the GUARANTEE Registry). Am J
Cardiol 1999;84:1145-50.
34.
Holmes DRJ, White HD, Pieper F, Ellis SG, Califf RM, Topol
EJ. Effect of age on outcome with primary angioplasty versus
thrombolysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:412-9.
35.
White HD, Barbash GI, Califf RM, et al. Age and outcome with
contemporary thrombolytic therapy: results from the GUSTO-I
trial. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded
coronary arteries trial. Circulation 1996;94:1826-33.
36.
Jayes RLJ, Beshansky JR, D'Agostino RB, Selker HP. Do patients'
coronary risk factor reports predict acute cardiac ischemia
in the emergency department? A multicenter study. J Clin Epidemiol
1992;45:621-6.
37.
Mak KH, Moliterno DJ, Granger CB, et al, for the GUSTO-I Investigators:
Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen
Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries. Influence of diabetes
mellitus on clinical outcome in the thrombolytic era of acute
myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:171-9.
38.
Mueller HS, Cohen LS, Braunwald E, et al. Predictors of early
morbidity and mortality after thrombolytic therapy of acute
myocardial infarction: analyses of patient subgroups in the
Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial, phase
II. Circulation 1992;85:1254-64.
39.
Barbash GI, White HD, Modan M, et al. Significance of smoking
in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial
infarction: experience gleaned from the International Tissue
Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial. Circulation
1993;87:53-8.
40.
Barbash GI, White HD, Modan M, et al, for the Investigators
of the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase
Mortality Trial. Acute myocardial infarction in the young:
the role of smoking. Eur Heart J 1995;16:313-6.
41.
Katz DA, Griffith JL, Beshansky JR, Selker HP. The use of
empiric clinical data in the evaluation of practice guidelines
for unstable angina. JAMA 1996;276:1568-74.
42.
Califf RM, Mark DB, Harrell FEJ, et al. Importance of clinical
measures of ischemia in the prognosis of patients with documented
coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:20-6.
43.
Califf RM, Phillips HR, Hindman MC, et al. Prognostic value
of a coronary artery jeopardy score. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;5:1055-63.
44.
White LD, Lee TH, Cook EF, et al, for the Chest Pain Study
Group. Comparison of the natural history of new onset and
exacerbated chronic ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol
1990; 16:304-10.
45.
Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Godfrey E, et al, for the SHOCK Trial
Study Group. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded Coronaries
for cardiogenic shocK: an international randomized trial of
emergency PTCA/CABG-trial design. Am Heart J 1999; 137:313-21.
45a.
Holmes DR Jr, Berger BP, Hochman JS, et al. Cardiogenic shock
in patients with acute ischemic syndromes with and without
ST-segment elevation. Circulation 1999;100:2067-73.
46.
Selker HP, Zalenski RJ, Antman EM, et al. An evaluation of
technologies for identifying acute cardiac ischemia in the
emergency department: a report from a National Heart Attack
Alert Program Working Group [erratum appears in Ann Emerg
Med 1997;29:310]. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:13-87.
47.
Rouan GW, Lee TH, Cook EF, Brand DA, Weisberg MC, Goldman
L. Clinical characteristics and outcome of acute myocardial
infarction in patients with initially normal or nonspecific
electrocardiograms (a report from the Multicenter Chest Pain
Study). Am J Cardiol 1989;64:1087-92.
48.
Zaacks SM, Liebson PR, Calvin JE, Parrillo JE, Klein LW. Unstable
angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: does the clinical
diagnosis have therapeutic implications? J Am Coll Cardiol
1999;33:107-18.
49.
Savonitto S, Ardissino D, Granger CB, et al. Prognostic value
of the admission electrocardiogram in acute coronary syndromes.
JAMA 1999;281:707-13.
50.
Lee TH, Cook EF, Weisberg MC, Rouan GW, Brand DA, Goldman
L. Impact of the availability of a prior electrocardiogram
on the triage of the patient with acute chest pain. J Gen
Intern Med 1990;5:381-8.
51.
Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Wears RL. Diagnostic and prognostic
importance of comparing the initial to the previous electrocardiogram
in patients admitted for suspected acute myocardial infarction.
South Med J 1991;84:841-6.
52.
Adams JE, Abendschein DR, Jaffe AS. Biochemical markers of
myocardial injury: is MB creatine kinase the choice for the
1990s? Circulation 1993;88:750-63.
53.
Eisenberg PR, Kenzora JL, Sobel BE, Ludbrook PA, Jaffe AS.
Relation between ST segment shifts during ischemia and thrombin
activity in patients with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol
1991;18:898-903.
54.
Matetzky S, Freimark D, Feinberg MS, et al. Acute myocardial
infarction with isolated ST-segment elevation in posterior
chest leads V7-9: "hidden" ST-segment elevations revealing
acute posterior infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:748-53.
55.
de Zwaan C, Bar FW, Janssen JH, et al. Angiographic and clinical
characteristics of patients with unstable angina showing an
ECG pattern indicating critical narrowing of the proximal
LAD coronary artery. Am Heart J 1989;117:657-65.
56.
Haines DE, Raabe DS, Gundel WD, Wackers FJ. Anatomic and prognostic
significance of new T-wave inversion in unstable angina. Am
J Cardiol 1983;52:14-8.
57.
Renkin J, Wijns W, Ladha Z, Col J. Reversal of segmental hypokinesis
by coronary angioplasty in patients with unstable angina,
persistent T wave inversion, and left anterior descending
coronary artery stenosis: additional evidence for myocardial
stunning in humans. Circulation 1990;82:913-21.
58.
McCarthy BD, Wong JB, Selker HP. Detecting acute cardiac ischemia
in the emergency department: a review of the literature. J
Gen Intern Med 1990;5:365-73.
59.
Slater DK, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, Harrell FEJ, Pryor DB, Califf
RM. Outcome in suspected acute myocardial infarction with
normal or minimally abnormal admission electrocardiographic
findings. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:766-70.
60.
Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Stone PH, et al. The electrocardiogram
predicts one-year outcome of patients with unstable angina
and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: results of the TIMI
III Registry ECG Ancillary Study. Thrombolysis In Myocardial
Ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:133-40.
61.
Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al, for the GUSTO
IIA Investigators. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification
in acute myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1996;335: 1333-41.
62.
Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, et al. Cardiac-specific
troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients
with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1342-9.
63.
Hyde TA, French JK, Wong CK, Straznicky IT, Whitlock RM, White
HD. Four-year survival of patients with acute coronary syndromes
without ST-segment elevation and prognostic significance of
0.5-mm ST-segment depression. Am J Cardiol 1999;84:379-85.
64.
Lloyd-Jones DM, Camargo CAJ, Lapuerta P, Giugliano RP, O'Donnell
CJ. Electrocardiographic and clinical predictors of acute
myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1182-6.
65.
Kudenchuk PJ, Maynard C, Cobb LA, et al. Utility of the prehospital
electrocardiogram in diagnosing acute coronary syndromes:
the Myocardial Infarction Triage and Intervention (MITI) Project.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:17-27.
66.
Langer A, Freeman MR, Armstrong PW. ST segment shift in unstable
anginapathophysiology and association with coronary anatomy
and hospital outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989;13:1495-502.
67.
Langer A, Freeman MR, Armstrong PW. Relation of angiographic
detected intracoronary thrombus and silent myocardial ischemia
in unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1381-2.
68.
Hedges JR, Young GP, Henkel GF, Gibler WB, Green TR, Swanson
JR. Serial ECGs are less accurate than serial CK-MB results
for emergency department diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:1445-50.
69.
Patel DJ, Holdright DR, Knight CJ, et al. Early continuous
ST segment monitoring in unstable angina: prognostic value
additional to the clinical characteristics and the admission
electrocardiogram. Heart 1996;75:222-8.
70.
Patel DJ, Knight CJ, Holdright DR, et al. Long-term prognosis
in unstable angina: the importance of early risk stratification
using continuous ST segment monitoring. Eur Heart J 1998;19:240-9.
71.
McNutt RA, Selker HP. How did the acute ischemic heart disease
predictive instrument reduce unnecessary coronary care unit
admissions? Med Decis Making 1988;8:90-4.
72.
Wasson JH, Sox HC, Neff RK, Goldman L. Clinical prediction
rulesapplications and methodological standards. N Engl J Med
1985;313:793-9.
73.
Goldman L, Weinberg M, Weisberg M, et al. A computer-derived
protocol to aid in the diagnosis of emergency room patients
with acute chest pain. N Engl J Med 1982;307:588-96.
74.
Goldman L, Cook EF, Brand DA, et al. A computer protocol to
predict myocardial infarction in emergency department patients
with chest pain. N Engl J Med 1988;318:797-803.
75.
Lee TH, Juarez G, Cook EF, et al. Ruling out acute myocardial
infarction: a prospective multicenter validation of a 12-hour
strategy for patients at low risk. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1239-46.
76.
Grijseels EW, Deckers JW, Hoes AW, et al. Pre-hospital triage
of patients with suspected myocardial infarction: evaluation
of previously developed algorithms and new proposals. Eur
Heart J 1995;16:325-32.
77.
Ellis AK. Serum protein measurements and the diagnosis of
acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1991;83:1107-9.
78.
Roberts R, Kleiman NS. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of
acute myocardial infarction necessitates the need for a "new
diagnostic mind-set." Circulation 1994;89:872-81.
79.
Roberts R, Fromm RE. Management of acute coronary syndromes
based on risk stratification by biochemical markers: an idea
whose time has come. Circulation 1998;98:1831-3.
80.
Tsung SH. Several conditions causing elevation of serum CK-MB
and CK-BB. Am J Clin Pathol 1981;75:711-5.
81.
Mair J, Morandell D, Genser N, Lechleitner P, Dienstl F, Puschendorf
B. Equivalent early sensitivities of myoglobin, creatine kinase
MB mass, creatine kinase isoform ratios, and cardiac troponins
I and T for acute myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 1995;41:1266-72.
82.
Puleo PR, Meyer D, Wathen C, et al. Use of a rapid assay of
subforms of creatine kinase-MB to diagnose or rule out acute
myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1994;331:561-6.
83.
Hamm CW, Goldmann BU, Heeschen C, Kreymann G, Berger J, Meinertz
T. Emergency room triage of patients with acute chest pain
by means of rapid testing for cardiac troponin T or troponin
I. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1648-53.
84.
Antman EM, Grudzien C, Mitchell RN, Sacks DB. Detection of
unsuspected myocardial necrosis by rapid bedside assay for
cardiac troponin T. Am Heart J 1997;133:596-8.
85.
Apple FS, Falahati A, Paulsen PR, Miller EA, Sharkey SW. Improved
detection of minor ischemic myocardial injury with measurement
of serum cardiac troponin I. Clin Chem 1997;43:2047-51.
86.
Pettijohn TL, Doyle T, Spiekerman AM, Watson LE, Riggs MW,
Lawrence ME. Usefulness of positive troponin-T and negative
creatine kinase levels in identifying high-risk patients with
unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:510-1.
87.
Galvani M, Ottani F, Ferrini D, et al. Prognostic influence
of elevated values of cardiac troponin I in patients with
unstable angina. Circulation 1997;95:2053-9.
88.
Lindahl B, Andren B, Ohlsson J, Venge P, Wallentin L. Risk
stratification in unstable coronary artery disease: additive
value of troponin T determinations and pre-discharge exercise
tests. FRISK Study Group. Eur Heart J 1997;18:762-70.
89.
Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L. Relation between troponin
T and the risk of subsequent cardiac events in unstable coronary
artery disease. The FRISC Study Group. Circulation 1996;93:1651-7.
90.
Wu AH. A comparison of cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin
I in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Coron Artery
Dis 1999;10:69-74.
91.
Hamm CW, Heeschen C, Goldmann B, et al, for the c7E3 Fab Antiplatelet
Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina (CAPTURE) Study Investigators.
Benefit of abciximab in patients with refractory unstable
angina in relation to serum troponin T levels. N Engl J Med
1999;340:1623-9.
92.
Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Goldmann B, Deu A, Langenbrink L, White
HD, for the PRISM Study Investigators: Platelet Receptor Inhibition
in Ischemic Syndrome Management. Troponin concentrations for
stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in
relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban. Lancet 1999;354:1757-62.
93.
Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L, for the Fragmin in Unstable
Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC) Study Group. Troponin T identifies
patients with unstable coronary artery disease who benefit
from long-term antithrombotic protection. J Am Coll Cardiol
1997;29:43-8.
94.
Antman EM, Sacks DB, Rifai N, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Braunwald
E. Time to positivity of a rapid bedside assay for cardiac-specific
troponin T predicts prognosis in acute coronary syndromes:
a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11A substudy.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:326-30.
95.
Hamm CW, Ravkilde J, Gerhardt W, et al. The prognostic value
of serum troponin T in unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1992;327:146-50.
96.
Christenson RH, Duh SH, Newby LK, et al, for the GUSTO-IIa
Investigators. Cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I:
relative values in short-term risk stratification of patients
with acute coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 1998;44:494-501.
97.
Gokhan CV, Gok H, Kaptanoglu B. The prognostic value of serum
troponin T in unstable angina. Int J Cardiol 1996;53:237-44.
98.
Ravkilde J, Nissen H, Horder M, Thygesen K. Independent prognostic
value of serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MB mass, cardiac
troponin T and myosin light chain levels in suspected acute
myocardial infarction: analysis of 28 months of follow-up
in 196 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:574-81.
99.
Ravkilde J, Horder M, Gerhardt W, et al. Diagnostic performance
and prognostic value of serum troponin T in suspected acute
myocardial infarction. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993;53:677-85.
100.
Stubbs P, Collinson P, Moseley D, Greenwood T, Noble M. Prospective
study of the role of cardiac troponin T in patients admitted
with unstable angina. BMJ 1996;313:262-4.
101.
Luscher MS, Thygesen K, Ravkilde J, Heickendorff L, for the
TRIM Study Group: Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial ischemia.
Applicability of cardiac troponin T and I for early risk stratification
in unstable coronary artery disease. Circulation 1997;96:2578-85.
102.
Brscic E, Chiappino I, Bergerone S, et al. Prognostic implications
of detection of troponin I in patients with unstable angina
pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:971-3.
103.
Olatidoye AG, Wu AH, Feng YJ, Waters D. Prognostic role of
troponin T versus troponin I in unstable angina pectoris for
cardiac events with meta-analysis comparing published studies.
Am J Cardiol 1998;81:1405-10.
104.
Rebuzzi AG, Quaranta G, Liuzzo G, et al. Incremental prognostic
value of serum levels of troponin T and C-reactive protein
on admission in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Am
J Cardiol 1998;82:715-9.
105.
Yang Z, Zhang W, Liu Y. Prognostic efficacy of troponin T
measurement in angina pectoris. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995;108:626-30.
106.
Kontos MC, Anderson FP, Schmidt KA, Ornato JP, Tatum JL, Jesse
RL. Early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients
without ST-segment elevation. Am J Cardiol 1999;83: 155-8.
107.
Zaninotto M, Altinier S, Lachin M, Celegon L, Plebani M. Strategies
for the early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction using
biochemical markers. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;111:399-405.
108.
Zimmerman J, Fromm R, Meyer D, et al. Diagnostic Marker Cooperative
Study for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Circulation
1999;99:1671-7.
109.
Apple FS. Clinical and analytical standardization issues confronting
cardiac troponin I. Clin Chem 1999;45:18-20.
110.
Kontos MC, Anderson FP, Hanbury CM, Roberts CS, Miller WG,
Jesse RL. Use of the combination of myoglobin and CK-MB mass
for the rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Am
J Emerg Med 1997;15:14-9.
111.
Lindahl B, Venge P, Wallentin L, for the BIOMACS Study Group:
Biochemicals Markers of Acute Coronary Syndromes. Early diagnosis
and exclusion of acute myocardial infarction using biochemical
monitoring. Coron Artery Dis 1995;6:321-8.
111a.
Hamm CW, Braunwald E. A classification of unstable angina
revisited. Circulation 2000;102:118-22.
112.
Apple FS, Christenson RH, Valdes RJ, et al. Simultaneous rapid
measurement of whole blood myoglobin, creatine kinase MB,
and cardiac troponin I by the triage cardiac panel for detection
of myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 1999;45:199-205.
113.
Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Bardoner JB, Wharton DR, Calhoun FB.
Serial creatinine kinase (CK) MB testing during the emergency
department evaluation of chest pain: utility of a 2-hour deltaCK-MB
of +1.6 ng/ml. Am Heart J 1998;136:237-44.
114.
Fesmire FM. Delta CK-MB outperforms delta troponin I at 2
hours during the initial EF evaluation of chest pain. Am J
Emerg Med 2000;18:1-8.
115.
Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Gamba G, et al. Thrombin activity
and early outcome in unstable angina pectoris. Circulation
1996;93: 1634-9.
116.
Becker RC, Cannon CP, Bovill EG, et al. Prognostic value of
plasma fibrinogen concentration in patients with unstable
angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction (TIMI IIIB trial).
Am J Cardiol 1996;78:142-7.
117.
Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. Serum amyloid A predicts
early mortality in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:358-62.
118.
Oltrona L, Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Spinola A, Chiodo F, Pezzano
A. C-reactive protein elevation and early outcome in patients
with unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:1002-6.
119.
Biasucci LM, Vitelli A, Liuzzo G, et al. Elevated levels of
interleukin-6 in unstable angina. Circulation 1996;94:874-7.
120.
Haverkate F, Thompson SG, Pyke SD, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB,
for the European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities
Angina Pectoris Study Group. Production of C-reactive protein
and risk of coronary events in stable and unstable angina.
Lancet 1997;349:462-6.
121.
Morrow DA, Rifai N, Antman EM, et al. C-reactive protein is
a potent predictor of mortality independently of and in combination
with troponin T in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy.
Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1460-5.
122.
Ghaisas NK, Shahi CN, Foley B, et al. Elevated levels of circulating
soluble adhesion molecules in peripheral blood of patients
with unstable angina. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:617-9.
123.
Cannon CP, O'Gara PT. Critical pathways for acute coronary
syndromes. In: Cannon CP, ed. Management of acute coronary
syndromes. Humana Press; Totowa, NJ: 1999:611-27.
124.
Graff L, Joseph T, Andelman R, et al. American College of
Emergency Physicians information paper: chest pain units in
emergency departments: a report from the Short-Term Observation
Services Section. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:1036-9.
125.
Brillman J, Mathers-Dunbar L, Graff L, et al. Management of
observation units. Ann Emerg Med 1995;25:823-30.
126.
Graff LG, Dallara J, Ross MA, et al. Impact on the care of
the emergency department chest pain patient from the Chest
Pain Evaluation Registry (CHEPER) study. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:563-8.
127.
Gomez MA, Anderson JL, Karagounis LA, Muhlestein JB, Mooers
FB. An emergency department-based protocol for rapidly ruling
out myocardial ischemia reduces hospital time and expense:
results of a randomized study (ROMIO). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:25-33.
128.
Farkouh ME, Smars PA, Reeder GS, et al, for the Chest Pain
Evaluation in the Emergency Room (CHEER) Investigators. A
clinical trial of a chest-pain observation unit for patients
with unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1882-8.
129.
Newby LK, Mark DB. The chest-pain unit-ready for prime time
(editorial)? N Engl J Med 1998;339:1930-2.
130.
Kuntz KM, Fleischmann KE, Hunink MGM, Douglas PS. Cost-effectiveness
of diagnostic strategies for patients with chest pain. Ann
Intern Med 1999;130:709-18.
131.
Garber AM, Solomon NA. Cost-effectiveness of alternative test
strategies for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Ann
Intern Med 1999;130:719-28.
132.
Pepine CJ, Allen HD, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for cardiac catheterization and cardiac catheterization laboratories.
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Ad Hoc Task Force on Cardiac Catheterization. J Am Coll Cardiol
1991;18:1149-82.
133.
Armstrong PW. Stable ischemic syndromes. In: Topol EJ, ed..
Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven;
1998:333-64.
134.
Cheitlin MD, Hutter AMJ, Brindis RG, et al. ACC/AHA expert
consensus documentuse of sildenafil (Viagra) in patients with
cardiovascular disease: American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:273-82.
135.
Physicians' desk reference, 3rd ed. Mountvale, NJ: Medical
Economic Co, Inc.; 1999:55.
136.
Dellborg M, Gustafsson G, Swedberg K. Buccal versus intravenous
nitroglycerin in unstable angina pectoris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol
1991;41:5-9.
137.
Yusuf S, Collins R, MacMahon S, Peto R. Effect of intravenous
nitrates on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: an overview
of the randomised trials. Lancet 1988;1:1088-92.
138.
ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative
Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early
oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium
sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial
infarction. Lancet 1995;345:669-85.
139.
GISSI-3: Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza
nell'infarto Miocardico. Effects of lisinopril and transdermal
glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality
and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction.
Lancet 1994;343:1115-22.
140.
Figueras J, Lidon R, Cortadellas J. Rebound myocardial ischaemia
following abrupt interruption of intravenous nitroglycerin
infusion in patients with unstable angina at rest. Eur Heart
J 1991;12:405-11.
141.
Armstrong PW. Stable ischemic syndromes: section 2: clinical
cardiology (Califf RM, section ed.) In: Topol EJ. Textbook
of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven;
1998:351-3.
142.
Yusuf S, Wittes J, Friedman L. Overview of results of randomized
clinical trials in heart disease, II: unstable angina, heart
failure, primary prevention with aspirin, and risk factor
modification. JAMA 1988;260:2259-63.
143.
White HD. Unstable angina: ischemic syndromes. In: Topol EJ,
ed. Textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott-Raven; 1998:365-93.
144.
Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipinedose-related increase
in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation
1995;92:1326-31.
145.
Gibson RS, Boden WE, Theroux P, et al. Diltiazem and reinfarction
in patients with non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: results
of a double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial. N Engl J
Med 1986;315:423-9.
146.
Lubsen J, Tijssen JG. Efficacy of nifedipine and metoprolol
in the early treatment of unstable angina in the coronary
care unit: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/metoprolol
Trial (HINT). Am J Cardiol 1987;60:18A-25A.
147.
Hansen JF, Hagerup L, Sigurd B, et al, for the Danish Verapamil
Infarction Trial (DAVIT) Study Group. Cardiac event rates
after acute myocardial infarction in patients treated with
verapamil and trandolapril versus trandolapril alone. Am J
Cardiol 1997;79:738-41.
148.
Opie LH. Pharmacologic options for treatment of ischemic heart
disease. In: Smith TW. Cardiovascular therapeutics: a companion
to Braunwald's heart disease, Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
1996:22-57.
149.
Beevers DG, Sleight P. Short acting dihydropyridine (vasodilating)
calcium channel blockers for hypertension: is there a risk?
BMJ 1996;312:1143-5.
150.
Pepine CJ, Faich G, Makuch R. Verapamil use in patients with
cardiovascular disease: an overview of randomized trials.
Clin Cardiol 1998;21:633-41.
151.
Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction.
Verapamil in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 1984;5:516-28.
152.
Tijssen JG, Lubsen J. Nifedipine and metoprolol in unstable
angina: findings from the Holland Interuniversity Nifedipine/metoprolol
Trial (HINT). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;10(Suppl 2):S15-24.
153.
Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in
acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview.
BMJ 1989;299:1187-92.
154.
Boden WE, Krone RJ, Kleiger RE, et al, for the Multicenter
Diltiazem Post-Infarction Trial Research Group. Electrocardiographic
subset analysis of diltiazem administration on long-term outcome
after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:335-42.
155.
Danish Study Group on Verapamil in Myocardial Infarction.
Secondary prevention with verapamil after myocardial infarction.
Am J Cardiol 1990;66:33I-40I.
156.
Hansen JF, Tingsted L, Rasmussen V, Madsen JK, Jespersen CM.
Verapamil and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in
patients with coronary artery disease and reduced left ventricular
ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:16D-21D.
157.
Theroux P, Gregoire J, Chin C, Pelletier G, de Guise P, Juneau
M. Intravenous diltiazem in acute myocardial infarction: Diltiazem
as Adjunctive Therapy to Activase (DATA) trial. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1998;32:620-8.
158.
Boden WE, Scheldewaert R, Walters EG, et al, for the Incomplete
Infarction Trial of European Research Collaborators Evaluating
Prognosis Post-Thrombolysis (diltiazem) (INTERCEPT) Research
Group. Design of a placebo-controlled clinical trial of long-acting
diltiazem and aspirin versus aspirin alone in patients receiving
thrombolysis with a first acute myocardial infarction. Am
J Cardiol 1995;75:1120-3.
159.
Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C, et al. Effect of enalapril on
myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with
low ejection fractions. Lancet 1992;340:1173-8.
160.
Rutherford JD, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. Effects of captopril
on ischemic events after myocardial infarction: results of
the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial: SAVE Investigators.
Circulation 1994;90:1731-8.
161.
ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications
for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial
infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000
patients in randomized trials. Circulation 1998;97:2202-12.
161a.
Flather M, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor
therapy in patients with heart failure or left ventricular
dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual
patients. Lancet 2000;355:1575-81.
162.
Gustafsson I, Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L, Gustafsson F, Hildebrandt
P. Effect of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor trandolapril
on mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with left
ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.
Trace Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:83-9.
163.
Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G,
for the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators.
Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril,
on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med
2000;342:145-53.
164.
TenVaarwerk IA, Jessurun GA, DeJongste MJ, et al, for the
Working Group on Neurocardiology. Clinical outcome of patients
treated with spinal cord stimulation for therapeutically refractory
angina pectoris. Heart 1999;82:82-8.
165.
Arora RR, Chou TM, Jain D, et al. The multicenter study of
enhanced external counterpulsation (MUST-EECP): effect of
EECP on exercise-induced myocardial ischemia and anginal episodes.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1833-40.
166.
Conti CR. EECP-enhanced external counterpulsation. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1999;33:1841-2.
167.
Hautvast RW, DeJongste MJ, Staal MJ, van Gilst WH, Lie KI.
Spinal cord stimulation in chronic intractable angina pectoris:
a randomized, controlled efficacy study. Am Heart J 1998;136:
1114-20.
168.
Patel DJ, Purcell HJ, Fox KM. Cardioprotection by opening
of the K(ATP) channel in unstable angina. Is this a clinical
manifestation of myocardial preconditioning: results of a
randomized study with nicorandil. CESAR 2 investigation. Clinical
European studies in angina and revascularization. Eur Heart
J 1999;20:51-7.
169.
Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al, for the Efficacy and
Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events
Study Group. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin
with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:447-52.
170.
Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al. Enoxaparin prevents
death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave
myocardial infarction: results of the Thrombolysis In Myocardial
Infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation 1999;100:1593-601.
171.
Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, et al. Assessment of the treatment
effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial
infarction. TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation 1999;100:1602-8.
172.
Cohen M, Theroux P, Weber S, et al. Combination therapy with
tirofiban and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. Int
J Cardiol 1999;71:273-81.
173.
Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview
of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy, I: prevention
of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet
therapy in various categories of patients [erratum appears
in BMJ 1994;308:1540]. BMJ 1994;308:81-106.
174.
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH.
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease
in apparently healthy men [erratum appears in N Engl J Med
1997;337:356]. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-9.
175.
Lewis HDJ, Davis JW, Archibald DG., et al. Protective effects
of aspirin against acute myocardial infarction and death in
men with unstable angina: results of a Veterans Administration
Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1983;309:396-403.
176.
Cairns JA, Gent M, Singer J, et al. Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone,
or both in unstable angina: results of a Canadian multicenter
trial. N Engl J Med 1985;313:1369-75.
177.
Theroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J, et al. Aspirin, heparin, or
both to treat acute unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1105-11.
178.
RISC Group. Risk of myocardial infarction and death during
treatment with low dose aspirin and intravenous heparin in
men with unstable coronary artery disease. Lancet 1990;336:827-30.
179.
Cohen M, Adams PC, Parry G, et al, for the Antithrombotic
Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndromes Research Group. Combination
antithrombotic therapy in unstable rest angina and non-Q-wave
infarction in nonprior aspirin users: primary end points analysis
from the ATACS trial. Circulation 1994;89:81-8.
180.
Gurfinkel EP, Manos EJ, Mejail RI, et al. Low molecular weight
heparin versus regular heparin or aspirin in the treatment
of unstable angina and silent ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol
1995;26:313-8.
181.
Fragmin during Instability in Coronary Artery Disease (FRISC)
Study Group. Low-molecular-weight heparin during instability
in coronary artery disease. Lancet 1996;347:561-8.
182.
Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and
during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina:
the CAPTURE Study [erratum appears in Lancet 19976;350:744].
Lancet 1997;349:1429-35.
183.
PARAGON Investigators: Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the
Reduction of Acute coronary syndrome events in a Global Organization
Network. International, randomized, controlled trial of lamifiban
(a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor), heparin, or
both in unstable angina. Circulation 1998;97:2386-95.
184.
Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management
(PRISM) Study Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus
tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. N
Engl J Med 1998;338:1498-505.
185.
ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival)
Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase,
oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected
acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1988;2:349-60.
186.
Song KH, Fedyk R, Hoover R. Interaction of ACE inhibitors
and aspirin in patients with congestive heart failure. Ann
Pharmacother 1999;33:375-7.
187.
Schror K. The basic pharmacology of ticlopidine and clopidogrel.
Platelets 1993;4:252-61.
188.
Balsano F, Rizzon P, Violi F, et al for the Studio della Ticlopidina
nell'Angina Instabile Group. Antiplatelet treatment with ticlopidine
in unstable angina: a controlled multicenter clinical trial.
Circulation 1990;82:17-26.
189.
Love BB, Biller J, Gent M. Adverse haematological effects
of ticlopidine: prevention, recognition and management. Drug
Safety 1998;19:89-98.
190.
CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of
Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic
Events (CAPRIE). 1996;348:1329-39.
191.
Bennett CL, Connors JM, Carwile JM, et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic
purpura associated with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1773-7.
192.
Muller C, Buttner HJ, Petersen J, Roskamm H. A randomized
comparison of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and
aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents. Circulation
2000;101:590-3.
193.
The SYMPHONY Investigators: Sibrafiban versus Aspirin to Yield
Maximum Protection from Ischemic Heart Events Post-acute Coronary
Syndromes. Comparison of sibrafiban with aspirin for prevention
of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes: a
randomised trial. Lancet 2000;355:337-45.
193a.
Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Wilcox RG, et al. Oral glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibition with orbofiban in patients with unstable
coronary syndromes (OPUS-TIMI 16) Trial. Circulation 2000;102:
149-56.
193b.
O'Neill WW, Serruys P, Knudtson M, et al. Long-term treatment
with a platelet glycoprotein-receptor antagonist after percutaneous
coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1316-24.
194.
Hirsh J. Heparin. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1565-74.
195.
Weitz JI. Low-molecular-weight heparins [erratum appears in
N Engl J Med 1997;337:1567] N Engl J Med 1997;337:688-98.
196.
Stone SR, Hofsteenge J. Kinetics of the inhibition of thrombin
by hirudin. Biochemistry 1986;25:4622-8.
197.
Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, et al, for the Hirulog Angioplasty
Study Investigators. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog)
as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable
or postinfarction angina. N Engl J Med 1995;333:764-9.
198.
Fuchs J, Cannon CP. Hirulog in the treatment of unstable angina:
results of the Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Ischemia
(TIMI) 7 trial. Circulation 1995;92:727-33.
199.
Kong DF, Topol EJ, Bittl JA, et al. Clinical outcomes of bivalirudin
for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1999;100: 2049-53.
200.
Telford AM, Wilson C. Trial of heparin versus atenolol in
prevention of myocardial infarction in intermediate coronary
syndrome. Lancet 1981;1:1225-28.
201.
Williams DO, Kirby MG, McPherson K, Phear DN. Anticoagulant
treatment of unstable angina. Br J Clin Pract 1986; 40:114-6.
202.
Theroux P, Waters D, Qiu S, McCans J, de Guise P, Juneau M.
Aspirin versus heparin to prevent myocardial infarction during
the acute phase of unstable angina. Circulation 1993;88:2045-8.
203.
Neri SG, Gensini GF, Poggesi L, et al. Effect of heparin,
aspirin, or alteplase in reduction of myocardial ischaemia
in refractory unstable angina [erratum appears in Lancet 1990;335:868].
Lancet 1990;335:615-8.
204.
Holdright D, Patel D, Cunningham D, et al. Comparison of the
effect of heparin and aspirin versus aspirin alone on transient
myocardial ischemia and in-hospital prognosis in patients
with unstable angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:39-45.
205.
Cohen M, Adams PC, Hawkins L, Bach M, Fuster V. Usefulness
of antithrombotic therapy in resting angina pectoris or non-Q-wave
myocardial infarction in preventing death and myocardial infarction
(a pilot study from the Antithrombotic Therapy in Acute Coronary
Syndromes Study Group). Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1287-92.
206.
Oler A, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin
reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in
patients with unstable anginaa meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;276:811-5.
207.
Theroux P, Waters D, Lam J, Juneau M, McCans J. Reactivation
of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. N
Engl J Med 1992;327:141-5.
208.
Serruys PW, Herrman JP, Simon R, et al, for the Helvetica
Investigators. A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the
prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. N Engl
J Med 1995;333:757-63.
209.
Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries
(GUSTO) IIb Investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin
with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 1996;335:775-82.
210.
Granger CB, Hirsch J, Califf RM, et al. Activated partial
thromboplastin time and outcome after thrombolytic therapy
for acute myocardial infarction: results from the GUSTO-I
trial. Circulation 1996;93:870-8.
211.
Granger CB, Miller JM, Bovill EG, et al. Rebound increase
in thrombin generation and activity after cessation of intravenous
heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation
1995;91:1929-35.
212.
Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Raschke R, Granger C, Ohman EM, Dalen
JE. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of
action, pharmacokinetics, dosing considerations, monitoring,
efficacy, and safety. Chest 1998;114:489S-510S.
213.
Hassan WM, Flaker GC, Feutz C, Petroski GF, Smith D. Improved
anticoagulation with a weight-adjusted heparin nomogram in
patients with acute coronary syndromes: a randomized trial.
J Thromb Thrombolysis 1995;2:245-9.
214.
Becker RC, Ball SP, Eisenberg P, et al, for the Antithrombotic
Therapy Consortium Investigators. A randomized, multicenter
trial of weight-adjusted intravenous heparin dose titration
and point-of-care coagulation monitoring in hospitalized patients
with active thromboembolic disease. Am Heart J 1999;137:59-71.
215.
Hochman JS, Wali AU, Gavrila D, et al. A new regimen for heparin
use in acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 1999;138:313-8.
216.
Wali A, Hochman JS, Berkowitz S, et al. Failure to achieve
optimal anticoagulation with commonly used heparin regimens:
a review of GUSTO IIb (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:79A.
217.
Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the
secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with
low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N Engl
J Med 1999; 341:410-8.
218.
Klein W, Buchwald A, Hillis SE, et al. Comparison of low-molecular-weight
heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo
for 6 weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery
disease. FRagmin In unstable Coronary artery disease study
(FRIC) [erratum appears in Circulation 1998;97:413]. Circulation
1997;96:61-68.
219.
FRAXIS study group. Comparison of two treatment durations
(6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with
a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial
management of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction.
FRAX.I.S. (FRAXiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J
1999;20: 1553-62.
220.
Xiao Z, Theroux P. Platelet activation with unfractionated
heparin at therapeutic concentrations and comparisons with
a low-molecular-weight heparin and with a direct thrombin
inhibitor. Circulation 1998;97:251-6.
221.
Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated
heparin. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1330-5.
222.
Mark DB, Cowper PA, Berkowitz SD, et al. Economic assessment
of low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) versus unfractionated
heparin in acute coronary syndrome patients: results from
the ESSENCE randomized trial: Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous
Enoxaparin in Non-Q wave Coronary Events [unstable angina
or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction]. Circulation 1998;97:1702-7.
223.
FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary
artery disease Investigators. Long-term low-molecular-mass
heparin in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective
randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:701-7.
224.
Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries
(GUSTO) IIa Investigators. Randomized trial of intravenous
heparin versus recombinant hirudin for acute coronary syndromes.
Circulation 1994;90:1631-7.
225.
Antman EM. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarctionThrombolysis
and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 9B
trial. Circulation 1996;94:911-21.
226.
Antman EM. Hirudin in acute myocardial infarction: safety
report from the Thrombolysis and Thrombin Inhibition in Myocardial
Infarction (TIMI) 9A trial. Circulation 1994;90:1624-30.
227.
Organization to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS)
Investigators. Comparison of the effects of two doses of recombinant
hirudin compared with heparin in patients with acute myocardial
ischemia without ST elevation: a pilot study. Circulation
1997;96:769-77.
228.
Organisation to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS-2)
Investigators. Effects of recombinant hirudin (lepirudin)
compared with heparin on death, myocardial infarction, refractory
angina, and revascularisation procedures in patients with
acute myocardial ischaemia without ST elevation: a randomised
trial. Lancet 1999;353:429-38.
229.
Williams MJ, Morison IM, Parker JH, Stewart RA. Progression
of the culprit lesion in unstable coronary artery disease
with warfarin and aspirin versus aspirin alone: preliminary
study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:364-9.
230.
Anand SS, Yusuf S, Pogue J, Weitz JI, Flather M. Long-term
oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with unstable angina
or suspected non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Organization
to Assess Strategies for Ischemic Syndromes (OASIS) pilot
study results. Circulation 1998;98:1064-70.
231.
Anand SS, Yusuf S. Oral anticoagulant therapy in patients
with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA 1999;282:2058-67.
232.
Coumadin Aspirin Reinfarction Study (CARS) Investigators.
Randomised double-blind trial of fixed low-dose warfarin with
aspirin after myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;350:389-96.
233.
The Combination Hemotherapy and Mortality Prevention (CHAMP)
Study: Presented at the 72nd Scientific Session, American
Heart Association, 1999.
234.
Lefkovits J, Plow EF, Topol EJ. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
receptors in cardiovascular medicine. N Engl J Med 1995;332:
1553-9.
235.
Coller BS. Monitoring platelet GP IIb/IIIa [corrected] antagonist
therapy [corrected in Circulation 1998;97:5-9]. Circulation
1997;96:3828-32.
236.
Topol EJ, Byzova TV, Plow EF. Platelet GPIIb-IIIa blockers.
Lancet 1999;353:227-31.
237.
Coller BS. Potential non-glycoprotein IIb/IIIa effects of
abciximab. Am Heart J 1999;138:S1-5.
238.
Tam SH, Sassoli PM, Jordan RE, Nakada MT. Abciximab (ReoPro,
chimeric 7E3 Fab) demonstrates equivalent affinity and functional
blockade of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and avß3 integrins. Circulation
1998;98:1085-91.
239.
Phillips DR., Scarborough RM. Clinical pharmacology of eptifibatide.
Am J Cardiol 1997;80:11B-20B.
240.
Kleiman NS. Pharmacology of the intravenous platelet receptor
glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonists. Cor Art Dis 1998;9:603-16.
241.
Lynch JJ Jr, Cook JJ, Sitko GR, et al. Nonpeptide glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 5. Antithrombotic effects of MK-0383.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;272:20-32.
242.
Theroux P. Tirofiban. Drugs of Today 1999;35:59-73.
243.
Peter K, Schwarz M, Ylanne J, et al. Induction of fibrinogen
binding and platelet aggregation as a potential intrinsic
property of various glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (aIIbß3) inhibitors.
Blood 1998;92:3240-9.
244.
Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty.
The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956-61.
245.
EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor
blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary
revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689-96.
246.
EPISTENT Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and
balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary
stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade.
Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Lancet
1998;352:87-92.
247.
Zhao XQ, Theroux P, Snapinn SM, Sax FL. Intracoronary thrombus
and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with
tirofiban in unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction:
angiographic results from the PRISM-PLUS trial. Circulation
1999;100:1609-15.
248.
Boersma E, Akkerhuis KM, Theroux P, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons
ML. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition in
non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: early benefit during
medical treatment only, with additional protection during
percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 1999;100:2045-8.
249.
Berkowitz SD, Sane DC, Sigmon KN, et al. Occurrence and clinical
significance of thrombocytopenia in a population undergoing
high-risk percutaneous coronary revascularization. Evaluation
of c7E3 for the Prevention of Ischemic Complications (EPIC)
Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:311-9.
250.
McClure MW, Berkowitz SD, Sparapani R., et al. Clinical significance
of thrombocytopenia during a non-ST-elevation acute coronary
syndrome: the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable anginareceptor
suppression using Integrilin therapy (PURSUIT) trial experience.
Circulation 1999;99:2892-900.
251.
Baigent C, Collins R, Appleby P, Parish S, Sleight P, Peto
R, for the ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival)
Collaborative Group. ISIS-2: 10 year survival among patients
with suspected acute myocardial infarction in randomised comparison
of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither.
BMJ 1998;316:1337-43.
252.
Franzosi MG, Santoro E, De Vita C, et al. Ten-year follow-up
of the first megatrial testing thrombolytic therapy in patients
with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Gruppo Italiano
per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto-1 study. The
GISSI Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:2659-65.
253.
Miltenburg-van Zijl AJ, Simoons ML, Veerhoek RJ, Bossuyt PM.
Incidence and follow-up of Braunwald subgroups in unstable
angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1286-92.
254.
Nyman I, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Swahn E, Wallentin L, for
the RISC Study Group. Very early risk stratification by electrocardiogram
at rest in men with suspected unstable coronary heart disease.
J Intern Med 1993;234:293-301.
255.
Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for exercise testing: a report of the American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice
Guidelines (Committee on Exercise Testing). J Am Coll Cardiol
1997;30:260-311.
256.
Cheitlin MD, Alpert JS, Armstrong WF, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for the clinical application of echocardiography: a report
of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Application
of Echocardiography). Developed in collaboration with the
American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1997;95:1686-744.
257.
Ritchie JL, Bateman TM, Bonow RO, et al. Guidelines for the
clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging: report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular
Procedures (Committee on Radionuclide Imaging). Developed
in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:521-47.
258.
Mark DB, Shaw L, Harrell FEJ, et al. Prognostic value of a
treadmill exercise score in outpatients with suspected coronary
artery disease. N Engl J Med 1991;325:849-53.
259.
Nyman I, Larsson H, Areskog M, Areskog NH, Wallentin L. The
predictive value of silent ischemia at an exercise test before
discharge after an episode of unstable coronary artery disease.
RISC Study Group. Am Heart J 1992;123:324-31.
260.
Starling MR, Crawford MH, Kennedy GT, O'Rourke RA. Treadmill
exercise tests predischarge and six weeks post-myocardial
infarction to detect abnormalities of known prognostic value.
Ann Intern Med 1981;94:721-7.
261.
Marwick TH, Anderson T, Williams MJ, et al. Exercise echocardiography
is an accurate and cost-efficient technique for detection
of coronary artery disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:335-41.
262.
Larsson H, Areskog M, Areskog NH, et al. Should the exercise
test (ET) be performed at discharge or one month later after
an episode of unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction?
Int J Card Imaging 1991;7:7-14.
263.
Russo CA, Dai H, Chow BK, et al. Analysis of death during
the first twelve months among non-Q wave MI patients randomized
to an "invasive" vs. "conservative" management strategy: results
from the VANQWISH trial (abstr). Circulation (Suppl I)1998;
98:I492.
264.
Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet A, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for
coronary angiographya report of the American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee
on Coronary Angiography). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1756-824.
265.
McCullough PA, O'Neill WW, Graham M, et al. A prospective
randomized trial of triage angiography in acute coronary syndromes
ineligible for thrombolytic therapy: results of the Medicine
versus Angiography in Thrombolytic Exclusion (MATE) trial.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:596-605.
266.
Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Crawford MH, et al. Outcomes in patients
with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned
to an invasive as compared with a conservative management
strategy. Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies
in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators [erratum appears
in N Engl J Med 1998;339:1091]. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1785-92.
267.
RITA-2 Trial Participants. Coronary angioplasty versus medical
therapy for anginathe second Randomised Intervention Treatment
of Angina (RITA-2) trial. Lancet 1997;350:461-8.
268.
Peterson ED, Shaw LJ, Califf RM. Risk stratification after
myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:561-82.
269.
Luchi RJ, Scott SM, Deupree RH. Comparison of medical and
surgical treatment for unstable angina pectoris: results of
a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med
1987;316:977-84
270.
Takaro T, Hultgren H, Lipton MJ, et al. The VA Cooperative
Randomized Study of Surgery for Coronary Arterial Occlusive
Disease, II: subgroup with significant left main lesions.
Circulation 1976;54(Suppl III):III-107-17.
271.
Kereiakes DJ, McDonald M, Broderick TM, et al. Abciximab provides
cost efficient, safely expedited care for unstable angina
(abstr). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1999;47:137.
272.
Laskey MA, Deutsch E, Barnathan E, Laskey WK. Influence of
heparin therapy on percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
outcome in unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65:1425-9.
273.
Smith SC, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a report of
the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Percutaneous
Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty). J Am Coll Cardiol (in
review).
274.
Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Coronary Artery
Bypass Graft Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1262-347.
275.
Madsen JK, Grande P, Saunamaki K, et al. Danish multicenter
randomized study of invasive versus conservative treatment
in patients with inducible ischemia after thrombolysis in
acute myocardial infarction (DANAMI). DANish trial in Acute
Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 1997;96:748-55.
276.
Pepine CJ, Geller NL, Knatterud GL, et al. The Asymptomatic
Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study: design of a randomized
clinical trial, baseline data and implications for a long-term
outcome trial [erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:842].
J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:1-10.
277.
Knatterud GL, Bourassa MG, Pepine CJ, et al. Effects of treatment
strategies to suppress ischemia in patients with coronary
artery disease: 12-week results of the Asymptomatic Cardiac
Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study [erratum appears in J Am Coll
Cardiol 1995;26:842]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:11-20.
278.
FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary
artery disease Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive
treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective
randomised multicentre study. Lancet 1999;354:708-15.
278a.
Wallentin L, Lagerqvist B, Husted S, et al. Outcome at one
year after an invasive compared with a non-invasive strategy
in unstable coronary artery disease: the FRISC II invasive
randomized trial. Lancet 2000;356:9-16.
279.
Yusuf S, Flather M, Pogue J, et al. Variations between countries
in invasive cardiac procedures and outcomes in patients with
suspected unstable angina or myocardial infarction without
initial ST elevation. OASIS (Organisation to Assess Strategies
for Ischaemic Syndromes) Registry Investigators. Lancet 1998;352:
507-14.
280.
Ghazzal P, Chalasani Y, Weintraub WS. Long term outcome of patients
with non-Q wave myocardial infarction with or without revascularization
(abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:14A.
281.
Roe MT, Lauer MA, Houghtaling P, et al. An ischemia-guided
strategy of cardiac catheterization in patients with non-ST-segment
elevation acute coronary syndromes may be associated with
improved outcomes (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:391A.
282.
Stone PH, Thompson B, Zaret BL, et al. Factors associated
with failure of medical therapy in patients with unstable
angina and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: a TIMI IIIB database
study. Eur Heart J 1999;20:1084-93.
283.
Bugiardini R, Pozzati A, Borghi A, et al. Angiographic morphology
in unstable angina and its relation to transient myocardial
ischemia and hospital outcome. Am J Cardiol 1991;67:460-4.
284.
Boden WE, Kerensky RA, Bertolet BD, et al. Coronary angiographic
findings after non-Q wave myocardial infarction: an analysis
from the VANQWISH trial (abstr). Eur Heart J 1997; 18:123.
285.
Diver DJ, Bier JD, Ferreira PE, et al. Clinical and arteriographic
characterization of patients with unstable angina without
critical coronary arterial narrowing (from the TIMI-IIIA trial).
Am J Cardiol 1994;74:531-7.
286.
Albertsson P, Emanuelsson H, Karlsson T, et al. Morbidity
and use of medical resources in patients with chest pain and
normal or near-normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:299-304.
287.
Potts SG, Bass CM. Psychosocial outcome and use of medical
resources in patients with chest pain and normal or near-normal
coronary arteries: a long-term follow-up study. Q J Med 1993;86:
583-93.
288.
Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR, et al. Long-term survival
benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous
transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery
disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:1013-25.
289.
Hannan EL, Racz MJ, McCallister BD, et al. A comparison of
three-year survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery
and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1999;33:63-72.
290.
Rahimtoola SH, Nunley D, Grunkemeier G, Tepley J, Lambert
L, Starr A. Ten-year survival after coronary bypass surgery
for unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1983;308:676-81.
291.
Levin TN, Holloway S, Feldman T. Acute and late clinical outcome
after rotational atherectomy for complex coronary disease.
Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;45:122-30.
292.
Califf RM, Abdelmeguid AE, Kuntz RE, et al. Myonecrosis after
revascularization procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:241-51.
293.
Braden GA, Applegate RJ, Young TM. Abciximab decreases both
the incidence and magnitude of creatinine kinase elevation
during rotational atherectomy (abstr). J Am Coll Cardiol Suppl
A1997;29:499A.
294.
Buchbinder MA, Braden GA, Sharma SK, et al. A pilot study
of ReoPro with rotational atherectomy (RA) to reduce creatinine
kinase (CK) elevation postprocedure (abstr). Circulation Suppl
I1996;94:I197.
295.
Rosenblum J, Pensabene JF, Kramer B. The transluminal extraction
catheter device: atherectomy and removal of an intracoronary
thrombus. J Invest Cardiol 1991;3:10-2.
296.
Lasorda DM, Incorvati DL, Randall RR. Extraction atherectomy
during myocardial infarction in a patient with prior coronary
artery bypass surgery. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1992;26:117-21.
297.
Williams DO, Braunwald E, Thompson B, Sharaf BL, Buller CE,
Knatterud GL. Results of percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction:
observations from the TIMI IIIB trial. Circulation 1996;94:2749-55.
298.
Moreyra AE, Palmeri ST, Wilson AC, Kulkarni A, Kulkarni R.
Coronary angioplasty in unstable anginacontemporary experience.
Can J Cardiol 1995;11:385-90.
299.
Stammen F, De Scheerder I, Glazier JJ, et al. Immediate and
follow-up results of the conservative coronary angioplasty
strategy for unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1533-7.
300.
Perry RA, Seth A, Hunt A, Shiu MF. Coronary angioplasty in
unstable angina and stable angina: a comparison of success
and complications. Br Heart J 1988;60:367-72 .
301.
Safian RD, Snyder LD, Synder BA, et al. Usefulness of percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty for unstable angina pectoris
after non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol
1987;59:263-6.
302.
Kamp O, Beatt KJ, De Feyter PJ, et al. Short-, medium-, and
long-term follow-up after percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty for stable and unstable angina pectoris. Am Heart
J 1989;117:991-6.
303.
Cairns J, Theroux P, Armstrong P, et al. Unstable angina:
report from a Canadian expert roundtable. Can J Cardiol 1996;12:1279-92.
304.
Khan MM, Ellis SG, Aguirre FV, et al for the EPIC Investigators:
Evaluation of IIb/IIIa Platelet Receptor Antagonist 7E3 in
Preventing Ischemic Complications. Does intracoronary thrombus
influence the outcome of high risk percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty? Clinical and angiographic outcomes in
a large multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:31-6.
305.
Malosky SA, Hirshfeld JWJ, Herrmann HC. Comparison of results
of intracoronary stenting in patients with unstable vs. stable
angina. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1994;31:95-101.
306.
Marzocchi A, Piovaccari G, Marrozzini C, et al. Results of
coronary stenting for unstable versus stable angina pectoris.
Am J Cardiol 1997;79:1314-8.
307.
Schuhlen H, Kastrati A, Dirschinger J, et al. Intracoronary
stenting and risk for major adverse cardiac events during
the first month. Circulation 1998;98:104-11.
308.
Angidi M, Danchin N, Gangtoff C, et al. Ticlopidine-aspirin
as anti-thrombotic regimen for intracoronary stenting for
unstable angina: is there a need for further antiplatelet
therapy (abstr)?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:100A.
309.
Topol EJ, Califf RM, Weisman HF, et al. Randomised trial of
coronary intervention with antibody against platelet IIb/IIIa
integrin for reduction of clinical restenosisresults at six
months. The EPIC Investigators. Lancet 1994;343:881-6.
310.
Topol EJ, Ferguson JJ, Weisman HF, et al for the EPIC Investigator
Group. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition for Prevention
of Ischemic Complication. Long-term protection from myocardial
ischemic events in a randomized trial of brief integrin ß3
blockade with percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 1997;278:479-84.
311.
Kong DF, Califf RM, Miller DP, et al. Clinical outcomes of
therapeutic agents that block the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
integrin in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1998;98:2829-35.
312.
RESTORE Investigators. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients
with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing
coronary angioplasty. Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban
for Outcomes and REstenosis. Circulation 1997;96:1445-53.
313.
Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Moliterno DJ, et al. Complementary
clinical benefits of coronary-artery stenting and blockade
of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors. Evaluation of
Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Stenting Investigators. N
Engl J Med 1999;341:319-27.
314.
Theroux P, Ghannam A, Nasmith J, Barr E, Snapinn S, Sax FL.
Improved cardiac outcomes in diabetic unstable angina/non-Q-wave
myocardial infarction patients treated with tirofiban and
heparin (abstr). Circulation 1998;98(Suppl I):I359.
315.
Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Anderson KM, et al, for the EPIC Investigators.
Evaluation of 7E3 in Preventing Ischemic Complications. Evidence
for prevention of death and myocardial infarction with platelet
membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade by abciximab
(c7E3 Fab) among patients with unstable angina undergoing
percutaneous coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol
1997;30:149-56.
316.
Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide
on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II.
Integrilin to Minimise Platelet Aggregation and Coronary Thrombosis-II.
Lancet 1997;349:1422-8.
317.
National Cooperative Study Group to Compare Surgical and Medical
Therapy. Unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42:839-48.
318.
Scott SM, Deupree RH, Sharma GA, Luchi RJ. VA study of unstable
angina: 10-year results show duration of surgical advantage
for patients with impaired ejection fraction. Circulation
1994;90: II-120-3.
319.
Parisi AF, Khuri S, Deupree RH, Sharma GV, Scott SM, Luchi
RJ. Medical compared with surgical management of unstable
angina: 5-year mortality and morbidity in the Veterans Administration
Study. Circulation 1989;80:1176-89.
320.
Scott SM, Luchi RJ, Deupree RH. Veterans Administration Cooperative
Study for treatment of patients with unstable angina: results
in patients with abnormal left ventricular function. Circulation
1988;78(Suppl I):I-113-21.
321.
Sharma GV, Deupree RH, Khuri SF, Parisi AF, Luchi RJ, Scott
SM. Coronary bypass surgery improves survival in high-risk
unstable angina: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative
study with an 8-year follow-up. Veterans Administration Unstable
Angina Cooperative Study Group. Circulation 1991;84(Suppl
III):III-260-7.
322.
Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Rickards AF, et al. Meta-analysis
of randomised trials comparing coronary angioplasty with bypass
surgery. Lancet 1995;346:1184-9.
323.
Writing Group for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization
Investigation (BARI) Investigators. Five-year clinical and
functional outcome comparing bypass surgery and angioplasty
in patients with multivessel coronary disease: a multicenter
randomized trial. JAMA 1997;277:715-21.
324.
Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI)
Investigators. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with
angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease [erratum
appears in N Engl J Med 1997;336:147]. N Engl J Med 1996;335:217-25.
325.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland;
Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and the BARI Investigative Sites.
Seven-Year outcome in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization
Investigation (BARI) by treatment and diabetic status. J Am
Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1122-9.
326.
CABRI Trial Participants. First-year results of CABRI (Coronary
Angioplasty versus Bypass Revascularisation Investigation).
Lancet 1995;346:1179-84.
327.
Weintraub WS, Stein B, Kosinski A, et al. Outcome of coronary
bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients
with multivessel coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol
1998;31:10-9.
328.
Detre KM, Guo P, Holubkov R, et al. Coronary revascularization
in diabetic patientsa comparison of the randomized and observational
components of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation
(BARI). Circulation 1999;99:633-40.
329.
Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery
bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results
from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
Surgery Trialists Collaboration [erratum appears in Lancet
1994;344: 1446]. Lancet 1994;344:563-70.
330.
Veterans Administration Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Cooperative
Study Group. Eleven-year survival in the Veterans Administration
randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery for stable angina.
N Engl J Med 1984;311:1333-9.
331.
Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS): a randomized trial of
coronary artery bypass surgery. Survival data. Circulation
1983; 68:939-50.
332.
De Feyter PJ, Serruys PW, Arnold A, et al. Coronary angioplasty
of the unstable angina related vessel in patients with multivessel
disease. Eur Heart J 1986;7:460-7.
333.
Mock MB, Fisher LD, Holmes DRJ, et al. Comparison of effects
of medical and surgical therapy on survival in severe angina
pectoris and two-vessel coronary artery disease with and without
left ventricular dysfunction: a Coronary Artery Surgery Study
Registry Study. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1198-203.
333a.
Dracup K, Alonzo AA, Atkins JM, et al. The physician's role
in minimizing prehospital delay in patients at high risk for
acute myocardial infarction: recommendations from the National
Heart Attack Alert Program. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:645-51.
334.
Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen
plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart
disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin
Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998;280: 605-13.
335.
Schechtman KB, Capone RJ, Kleiger RE, et al. Risk stratification
of patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction: the critical
role of ST segment depression. The Diltiazem Reinfarction
Study Research Group. Circulation 1989;80:1148-58.
336.
Newby LK, Christenson RH, Ohman EM, et al. Value of serial
troponin T measures for early and late risk stratification
in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The GUSTO-IIa Investigators.
Circulation 1998;98:1853-9.
337.
van Domburg RT, Miltenburg-van Zijl AJ, Veerhoek RJ, Simoons
ML. Unstable angina: good long-term outcome after a complicated
early course. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1534-9.
338.
Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M. Depression and 18-month
prognosis after myocardial infarction [erratum appears in
Circulation 1998;97:708]. Circulation 1995;91:999-1005.
339.
Beckie T. A supportive-educative telephone program: impact
on knowledge and anxiety after coronary artery bypass graft
surgery. Heart Lung 1989;18:46-55.
340.
Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients
with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin
Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
341.
Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease
(LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and
death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease
and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J
Med 1998;339:1349-57.
342.
Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, et al. The effect of pravastatin
on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients
with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent
Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001-9.
343.
Flaker GC, Warnica JW, Sacks FM, et al. Pravastatin prevents
clinical events in revascularized patients with average cholesterol
concentrations. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events CARE Investigators.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:106-12.
343a.
National Cholesterol Education Program. Second report of the
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High
Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). Washington,
DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services; 1993. NIH publication
No. 93-3096.
343b.
Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, et al. When to start cholesterol-lowering
therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation
1997;95:1683-5.
343c.
Dupuis J, Tardif J-C, Cernacek P, Theroux P. Cholesterol reduction
rapidly improves endothelial function after acute coronary
syndromes: the RECIFE (REduction of Cholesterol in Ischemia
and Function of the Endothelium) trial. Circulation 1999;99:
3227-33.
344.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program NN. The sixth
report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda,
MD: National Institutes of Health; 1997; NIH Publication No.
98-4080.
345.
Daly LE, Mulcahy R, Graham IM, Hickey N. Long term effect
on mortality of stopping smoking after unstable angina and
myocardial infarction. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983;287:324-6.
346.
Smoking cessation. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute,
US Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human
Services; 1996. AHCPR publication 96-0692.
347.
Malmberg K, Ryden L, Efendic S, et al. Randomized trial of
insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin
treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction
(DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll
Cardiol 1995; 26:57-65.
348.
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for
patients with diabetes mellitus (position statement). Diabetes
Care Suppl 11999;22:S32-41.
349.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose
control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional
treatment and risk of complications in patients with type
2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
350.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive
blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight
patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34): [erratum appears
in Lancet 1998;352:1557]. Lancet 1998;352:854-65.
351.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure
control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications
in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13.
352.
Stampfer M.J., Malinow M.R., Willett W.C., et al. A prospective
study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction
in US physicians. JAMA 1992;268:877-881
353.
Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ. Vitamin
B-12, vitamin B-6, and folate nutritional status in men with
hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Clin Nutr 1993;57:47-53.
354.
Sullivan AK, Holdright DR, Wright CA, Sparrow JL, Cunningham
D, Fox KM. Chest pain in women: clinical, investigative, and
prognostic features. BMJ 1994;308:883-6.
355.
Cannon RO, Camici PG, Epstein SE. Pathophysiological dilemma
of syndrome X. Circulation 1992;85:883-92.
356.
DeSanctis RW. Clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease:
chest pain in women. In: Wenger NK, Speroff L, Packard B,
eds. Cardiovascular health and disease in women. Greenwich,
CT: Le Jacq Communications; 1993:67.
357.
Stone PH, Thompson B, Anderson HV, et al. Influence of race,
sex, and age on management of unstable angina and non-Q-wave
myocardial infarction: the TIMI III registry. JAMA 1996;275:
1104-12.
358.
Keelan ET, Nunez BD, Grill DE, Berger PB, Holmes DRJ, Bell
MR. Comparison of immediate and long-term outcome of coronary
angioplasty performed for unstable angina and rest pain in
men and women. Mayo Clin Proc 1997;72:5-12.
359.
Robertson T, Kennard ED, Mehta S, et al. Influence of gender
on in-hospital clinical and angiographic outcomes and on one-year
follow-up in the New Approaches to Coronary Intervention (NACI)
registry. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:26K-39K.
360.
Morise AP, Diamond GA. Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity
of exercise electrocardiography in biased and unbiased populations
of men and women. Am Heart J 1995;130:741-7.
361.
Williams MJ, Marwick TH, O'Gorman D, Foale RA. Comparison
of exercise echocardiography with an exercise score to diagnose
coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:435-8.
362.
Robert AR, Melin JA, Detry JM. Logistic discriminant analysis
improves diagnostic accuracy of exercise testing for coronary
artery disease in women. Circulation 1991;83:1202-9.
363.
Melin JA, Wijns W, Vanbutsele RJ, et al. Alternative diagnostic
strategies for coronary artery disease in women: demonstration
of the usefulness and efficiency of probability analysis.
Circulation 1985;71:535-42.
364.
Alexander KP, Shaw LJ, DeLong ER, Mark DB, Peterson ED. Value
of exercise treadmill testing in women. J Am Coll Cardiol
1998;32:1657-64.
365.
Lewis JF, Lin L, McGorray S, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography
in women with chest painpilot phase data from the National
Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Women's Ischemia Syndrome
Evaluation (WISE). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1462-8.
366.
Shaw LJ, Miller DD, Romeis JC, Kargl D, Younis LT, Chaitman
BR. Gender differences in the noninvasive evaluation and management
of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Ann Intern
Med 1994;120:559-66.
367.
Cowley MJ, Mullin SM, Kelsey SF, et al. Sex differences in
early and long-term results of coronary angioplasty in the
NHLBI PTCA Registry. Circulation 1985;71:90-7.
368.
Kelsey SF, James M, Holubkov AL, Holubkov R, Cowley MJ, Detre
KM. Results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
in women: 1985-1986 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's
Coronary Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1993;87: 720-7.
369.
Bell MR, Holmes DRJ, Berger PB, Garratt KN, Bailey KR, Gersh
BJ. The changing in-hospital mortality of women undergoing
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. JAMA 1993;269:
2091-5.
370.
Fisher LD, Kennedy JW, Davis KB, et al. Association of sex,
physical size, and operative mortality after coronary artery
bypass in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1982;84:334-41.
371.
Loop FD, Golding LR, MacMillan JP, Cosgrove DM, Lytle BW,
Sheldon WC. Coronary artery surgery in women compared with
men: analyses of risks and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol
1983;1:383-90.
372.
Arnold AM, Mick MJ, Piedmonte MR, Simpfendorfer C. Gender
differences for coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:18-21.
373.
Weintraub WS, Wenger NK, Kosinski AS, et al. Percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty in women compared with men.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:81-90.
374.
Welty FK, Mittleman MA, Healy RW, Muller JE, Shubrooks SJJ.
Similar results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
for women and men with postmyocardial infarction ischemia.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:35-9.
375.
Eysmann SB, Douglas PS. Coronary heart disease: therapeutic
principles. In: Douglas PS, ed. Cardiovascular health and
disease in women. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1993;43.
376.
Jacobs AK, Kelsey SF, Yeh W, et al. Documentation of decline
in morbidity in women undergoing coronary angioplasty: a report
from the 1993-94 NHLBI Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty Registry. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Am J Cardiol 1997;80:979-84.
377.
Hannan EL, Bernard HR, Kilburn HCJ, O'Donnell JF. Gender differences
in mortality rates for coronary artery bypass surgery. Am
Heart J 1992;123:866-72.
378.
O'Connor GT, Morton JR, Diehl MJ, et al. Differences between
men and women in hospital mortality associated with coronary
artery bypass graft surgery. The Northern New England Cardiovascular
Disease Study Group. Circulation 1993;88:2104-10.
379.
Rahimtoola SH, Bennett AJ, Grunkemeier GL, Block P, Starr
A. Survival at 15 to 18 years after coronary bypass surgery
for angina in women. Circulation 1993;88(Suppl II):II-71-8.
380.
Weintraub WS, Wenger NK, Jones EL, Craver JM, Guyton RA. Changing
clinical characteristics of coronary surgery patients: differences
between men and women. Circulation 1993;88(Suppl II):II-79-86.
381.
Safstrom K, Nielsen NE, Bjorkholm A, Wiklund G, Swahn E, for
the IRIS Study Group. Unstable coronary artery disease in
post-menopausal women: identifying patients with significant
coronary artery disease by basic clinical parameters and exercise
test. Eur Heart J 1998;19:899-907.
382.
Jacobs AK, Kelsey SF, Brooks MM, et al. Better outcome for
women compared with men undergoing coronary revascularization:
a report from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation
(BARI). Circulation 1998;98:1279-85.
383.
Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in
a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with
multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization
Investigation (BARI). Circulation 1997;96:1761-9.
384.
Theroux P, Kouz S, Roy L, et al. Platelet membrane receptor
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonism in unstable angina. The Canadian
Lamifiban Study. Circulation 1996;94:899-905.
385.
Topol EJ, Fuster V, Harrington RA, et al. Recombinant hirudin
for unstable angina pectoris: a multicenter, randomized angiographic
trial. Circulation 1994;89:1557-66.
386.
Kip KE, Faxon DP, Detre KM, Yeh W, Kelsey SF, Currier JW.
Coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients: the National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty Registry. Circulation 1996;94:1818-25.
387.
Stein B, Weintraub WS, Gebhart SP, et al. Influence of diabetes
mellitus on early and late outcome after percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1995;91:979-89.
388.
Wilcox I, Freedman SB, Allman KC, et al. Prognostic significance
of a predischarge exercise test in risk stratification after
unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:677-83.
389.
Karlson BW, Herlitz J, Pettersson P, Hallgren P, Strombom
U, Hjalmarson A. One-year prognosis in patients hospitalized
with a history of unstable angina pectoris. Clin Cardiol 1993;16:397-402.
390.
Fava S, Azzopardi J, Agius-Muscat H. Outcome of unstable angina
in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1997;14:209-13.
391.
Garcia-Rubira JC, Cruz JM, Lopez V, Plaza L, Navas JC. Outcome
of patients with diabetes and unstable angina: a subgroup
analysis in the Spanish Multicentre Trial of trifusal in unstable
angina. Grupo de Estudio del Trifusal en la Angina Inestable.
Int J Cardiol 1994;46:175-8.
392.
Theroux P, Waters D. Unstable angina: special considerations
in the post-bypass patient. In: Waters D, Bourassa MG, Brest
AN, eds. Care of the patient with previous coronary bypass
surgery. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis; 1991:169-91.
393.
Marchant B, Umachandran V, Stevenson R, Kopelman PG, Timmis
AD. Silent myocardial ischemia: role of subclinical neuropathy
in patients with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1433-7.
394.
Ambepityia G, Kopelman PG, Ingram D, Swash M, Mills PG, Timmis
AD. Exertional myocardial ischemia in diabetes: a quantitative
analysis of anginal perceptual threshold and the influence
of autonomic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:72-7.
395.
Zola B, Kahn JK, Juni JE, Vinik AI. Abnormal cardiac function
in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy in the absence
of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:208-14.
396.
Silva JA, Escobar A, Collins TJ, Ramee SR, White CJ. Unstable
angina: a comparison of angioscopic findings between diabetic
and nondiabetic patients. Circulation 1995;92:1731-6.
397.
Jones EL, Weintraub WS, Craver JM, Guyton RA, Cohen CL. Coronary
bypass surgery: is the operation different today? J Thorac
Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:108-15.
398.
King SB III, Kosinski A, Guyton RA, Lembo NJ, Weintraub WS.
Eight year mortality in the Emory Angioplasty vs Surgery Trial
(EAST). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1116-21.
399.
Kuntz RE. Importance of considering atherosclerosis progression
when choosing a coronary revascularization strategy: the diabetes-percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty dilemma. Circulation 1999;99:847-51.
400.
Barsness GW, Peterson ED, Ohman EM, et al. Relationship between
diabetes mellitus and long-term survival after coronary bypass
and angioplasty. Circulation 1997;96:2551-6.
401.
Levine GN, Jacobs AK, Keeler GP, et al, for the CAVEAT-I Investigators:
Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial.
Impact of diabetes mellitus on percutaneous revascularization
(CAVEAT-I). Am J Cardiol 1997;79:748-55.
402.
Kleiman NS, Lincoff AM, Kereiakes DJ, et al, for the EPILOG
Investigators. Diabetes mellitus, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade,
and heparin: evidence for a complex interaction in a multicenter
trial. Circulation 1998;97:1912-20.
403.
Topol EJ, Mark DB, Lincoff AM, et al, for the EPISTENT Investigators:
Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Outcomes
at 1 year and economic implications of platelet glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa blockade in patients undergoing coronary stenting:
results from a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354:2019-24.
404.
Lambert M, Kouz S, Campeau L. Preoperative and operative predictive
variables of late clinical events following saphenous vein
coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Can J Cardiol 1989;5:87-92.
405.
Waters DD, Walling A, Roy D, Theroux P. Previous coronary
artery bypass grafting as an adverse prognostic factor in
unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:465-9.
406.
Grondin CM, Campeau L, Lesperance J, Enjalbert M, Bourassa
MG. Comparison of late changes in internal mammary artery
and saphenous vein grafts in two consecutive series of patients
10 years after operation. Circulation 1984;70(Suppl I):I-208-12.
407.
Neitzel GF, Barboriak JJ, Pintar K, Qureshi I. Atherosclerosis
in aortocoronary bypass grafts: morphologic study and risk
factor analysis 6 to 12 years after surgery. Arteriosclerosis
1986;6:594-600.
408.
Waller BF, Rothbaum DA, Gorfinkel HJ, Ulbright TM, Linnemeier
TJ, Berger SM. Morphologic observations after percutaneous
transluminal balloon angioplasty of early and late aortocoronary
saphenous vein bypass grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984;4:784-92.
409.
Walts AE, Fishbein MC, Sustaita H, Matloff JM. Ruptured atheromatous
plaques in saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts: a
mechanism of acute, thrombotic, late graft occlusion. Circulation
1982;65:197-201.
410.
Hwang MH, Meadows WR, Palac RT, et al. Progression of native
coronary artery disease at 10 years: insights from a randomized
study of medical versus surgical therapy for angina. J Am
Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1066-70.
411.
Chen L, Theroux P, Lesperance J, Shabani F, Thibault B, de
Guise P. Angiographic features of vein grafts versus ungrafted
coronary arteries in patients with unstable angina and previous
bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1493-9.
412.
Waters DD, Theroux P, Crittin J, Dauwe F, Mizgala HF. Previously
undiagnosed variant angina as a cause of chest pain after
coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation 1980;61:1159-64.
413.
Baduini G, Marra S, Angelino PF. Sudden occlusion of a saphenous
vein bypass graft relieved by direct injection of nitroglycerin.
Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1981;7:87-95.
414.
Lawrie GM, Morris GCJ, Silvers A, et al. The influence of
residual disease after coronary bypass on the 5-year survival
rate of 1274 men with coronary artery disease. Circulation
1982;66:717-23.
415.
Silva JA, White CJ, Collins TJ, Ramee SR. Morphologic comparison
of atherosclerotic lesions in native coronary arteries and
saphenous vein graphs with intracoronary angioscopy in patients
with unstable angina. Am Heart J 1998;136:156-63.
416.
Ritchie JL, Narahara KA, Trobaugh GB, Williams DL, Hamilton
GW. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging before and after coronary
revascularization: assessment of regional myocardial blood
flow and graft patency. Circulation 1977;56:830-6.
417.
Verani MS, Marcus ML, Spoto G, Rossi NP, Ehrhardt JC, Razzak
MA. Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scintigrams in the evaluation
of aorto-coronary saphenous bypass surgery. J Nucl Med 1978;19:765-72.
418.
Carlino M, De Gregorio J, di Mario C, et al. Prevention of
distal embolization during saphenous vein graft lesion angioplasty:
experience with a new temporary occlusion and aspiration system.
Circulation 1999;99:3221-3.
419.
Kleiman NS, Anderson HV, Rogers WJ, Theroux P, Thompson B,
Stone PH. Comparison of outcome of patients with unstable
angina and non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction with and
without prior coronary artery bypass grafting (Thrombolysis
in Myocardial Ischemia III Registry). Am J Cardiol 1996;77:227-31.
420.
Savage MP, Douglas JSJ, Fischman DL, et al. Stent placement
compared with balloon angioplasty for obstructed coronary
bypass grafts. Saphenous Vein De Novo Trial Investigators.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:740-7.
421.
Lytle BW, Loop FD, Taylor PC, et al. The effect of coronary
reoperation on the survival of patients with stenoses in saphenous
vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc
Surg 1993;105:605-12.
422.
Lytle BW, Loop FD, Taylor PC, et al. Vein graft disease: the
clinical impact of stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts
to coronary arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:831-40.
423.
Lakatta EG, Gerstenblith G, Weisfeldt ML. The aging heart
structure, function, and disease. In: Braunwald E, ed. Heart
disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1997:1687-1703.
424.
Nadelmann J, Frishman WH, Ooi WL, et al. Prevalence, incidence
and prognosis of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction
in persons aged 75 years or older: the Bronx Aging Study.
Am J Cardiol 1990;66:533-7.
425.
Vasilomanolakis EC. Geriatric cardiology: when exercise stress
testing is justified. Geriatrics 1985;40:47-50,53-54,57.
426.
Kasser IS, Bruce RA. Comparative effects of aging and coronary
heart disease on submaximal and maximal exercise. Circulation
1969;39:759-74.
427.
Stein B, Kupersmith J. Principles and practice of pharmacotherapy.
In: Kupersmith J, Deedwania PC, eds. The pharmacologic management
of heart disease. 1st ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins;
1997:3-38.
428.
Montamat SC, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE. Management of drug therapy
in the elderly. N Engl J Med 1989;321:303-9.
429.
Thompson RC, Holmes DRJ, Grill DE, Mock MB, Bailey KR. Changing
outcome of angioplasty in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:8-14.
430.
Nasser TK, Fry ET, Annan K, et al. Comparison of six-month
outcome of coronary artery stenting in patients less than
65, 65-75, and greater than 75 years of age. Am J Cardiol
1997;80:998-1001.
431.
Peterson ED, Jollis JG, Bebchuk JD, et al. Changes in mortality
after myocardial revascularization in the elderly: the national
Medicare experience. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:919-27.
432.
O'Keefe JHJ, Sutton MB, McCallister BD, et al. Coronary angioplasty
versus bypass surgery in patients greater than 70 years old
matched for ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;24:425-30.
433.
Kaul TK, Fields BL, Wyatt DA, Jones CR, Kahn DR. Angioplasty
versus coronary artery bypass in octogenarians. Ann Thorac
Surg 1994;58:1419-26.
434.
Laster SB, Rutherford BD, Giorgi LV, et al. Results of direct
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in octogenarians.
Am J Cardiol 1996;77:10-3.
435.
Thompson RC, Holmes DRJ, Gersh BJ, Bailey KR. Predicting early
and intermediate-term outcome of coronary angioplasty in the
elderly. Circulation 1993;88:1579-87.
436.
Morrison DA, Bies RD, Sacks J. Coronary angioplasty for elderly
patients with "high risk" unstable angina: short-term outcomes
and long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:339-44.
437.
Weyrens FJ, Goldenberg I, Mooney JF, et al. Percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty in patients aged greater than or equal
to 90 years. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:397-8.
438.
Ivanov J, Weisel RD, David TE, Naylor CD. Fifteen-year trends
in risk severity and operative mortality in elderly patients
undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation
1998;97: 673-80.
439.
Freeman WK, Schaff HV, O'Brien PC, Orszulak TA, Naessens JM,
Tajik AJ. Cardiac surgery in the octogenarian: perioperative
outcome and clinical follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:29-35.
440.
Ko W, Gold JP, Lazzaro R, et al. Survival analysis of octogenarian
patients with coronary artery disease managed by elective
coronary artery bypass surgery versus conventional medical
treatment. Circulation 1992;86(Suppl II):II-191-7.
441.
Glower DD, Christopher TD, Milano CA, et al. Performance status
and outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting in persons
aged 80 to 93 years. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:567-71.
442.
Chakko S, Myerburg RJ. Cardiac complications of cocaine abuse.
Clin Cardiol 1995;18:67-72.
443.
Isner JM, Chokshi SK. Cardiovascular complications of cocaine.
Curr Probl Cardiol 1991;16:89-123.
444.
Kloner RA, Hale S, Alker K, Rezkalla S. The effects of acute
and chronic cocaine use on the heart. Circulation 1992;85:407-19.
445.
Pitts WR, Lange RA, Cigarroa JE, Hillis LD. Cocaine-induced
myocardial ischemia and infarction: pathophysiology, recognition,
and management. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997;40:65-76.
446.
Lange RA, Flores ED, Cigarroa RG, Hillis LD. Cocaine-induced
myocardial ischemia. Cardio 1990;7:74-5, 78-9.
447.
Loper KA. Clinical toxicology of cocaine. Med Toxicol Adverse
Drug Exp 1989;4:174-85.
448.
Flores ED, Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Hillis LD. Effect of cocaine
on coronary artery dimensions in atherosclerotic coronary
artery disease: enhanced vasoconstriction at sites of significant
stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:74-9.
449.
Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CWJ, et al. Cocaine-induced coronary-artery
vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1557-62.
450.
Zimmerman FH, Gustafson GM, Kemp HGJ. Recurrent myocardial
infarction associated with cocaine abuse in a young man with
normal coronary arteries: evidence for coronary artery spasm
culminating in thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;9:964-8.
451.
Bedotto JB, Lee RW, Lancaster LD, Olajos M, Goldman S. Cocaine
and cardiovascular function in dogs: effects on heart and
peripheral circulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:1337-42.
452.
Brogan WC, Lange RA, Kim AS, Moliterno DJ, Hillis LD. Alleviation
of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:581-6.
453.
Isner JM, Chokshi SK. Cocaine and vasospasm. N Engl J Med
1989;321:1604-6.
454.
Nademanee K, Gorelick DA, Josephson MA, et al. Myocardial
ischemia during cocaine withdrawal. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:
876-80.
455.
Vitullo JC, Karam R, Mekhail N, Wicker P, Engelmann GL, Khairallah
PA. Cocaine-induced small vessel spasm in isolated rat hearts.
Am J Pathol 1989;135:85-91.
456.
Togna G, Tempesta E, Togna AR, Dolci N, Cebo B, Caprino L.
Platelet responsiveness and biosynthesis of thromboxane and
prostacyclin in response to in vitro cocaine treatment. Haemostasis
1985;15:100-7.
457.
Chokshi SK, Miller G, Rogione A, Isner JM. Cocaine and cardiovascular
diseases. Leading Edge Cardiol 1989;3:1ff
458.
Stenberg RG, Winniford MD, Hillis LD, Dowling GP, Buja LM.
Simultaneous acute thrombosis of two major coronary arteries
following intravenous cocaine use. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;
113:521-4.
459.
Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, et al. Prospective multicenter
evaluation of cocaine-associated chest pain. Cocaine Associated
Chest Pain (COCHPA) Study Group. Acad Emerg Med 1994;1:330-9.
460.
Gitter MJ, Goldsmith SR, Dunbar DN, Sharkey SW. Cocaine and
chest pain: clinical features and outcome of patients hospitalized
to rule out myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:277-82.
461.
Dressler FA, Malekzadeh S, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis
of amounts of coronary arterial narrowing in cocaine addicts.
Am J Cardiol 1990;65:303-8.
462.
Virmani R, Robinowitz M, Smialek JE, Smyth DF. Cardiovascular
effects of cocaine: an autopsy study of 40 patients. Am Heart
J 1988;115:1068-76.
463.
Rashid J, Eisenberg MJ, Topol EJ. Cocaine-induced aortic dissection.
Am Heart J 1996;132:1301-4.
464.
Willens HJ, Chakko SC, Kessler KM. Cardiovascular manifestations
of cocaine abuse: a case of recurrent dilated cardiomyopathy.
Chest 1994;106:594-600.
465.
Chokshi SK, Moore R, Pandian NG, Isner JM. Reversible cardiomyopathy
associated with cocaine intoxication. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:1039-40.
466.
Yao SS, Spindola-Franco H, Menegus M, Greenberg M, Goldberger
M, Shirani J. Successful intracoronary thrombolysis in cocaine-associated
acute myocardial infarction. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1997;42:294-7.
467.
Hollander JE. The management of cocaine-associated myocardial
ischemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1267-72.
468.
Tokarski GF, Paganussi P, Urbanski R, Carden D, Foreback C,
Tomlanovich MC. An evaluation of cocaine-induced chest pain.
Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1088-92.
469.
Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Burstein JL, Shih RD, Thode HCJ,
for the Cocaine-Associated Myocardial Infarction Study Group.
Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction: mortality and complications.
Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1081-6.
470.
Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED, et al. Potentiation of cocaine-induced
coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann
Intern Med 1990;112:897-903.
471.
Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Lange RA.
Influence of labetalol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction
in humans. Am J Med 1993;94:608-10.
472.
Prinzmetal M, Goldman A, Shubin H, et al. Angina pectoris
II. Am Heart J 1959;57:530-43.
473.
Parkinson J, Bedford DE. Electrocardiographic changes during
brief angina pectoris. Lancet 1931;1:1-20.
474.
Maseri A, Pesola A, Marzilli M, et al. Coronary vasospasm
in angina pectoris. Lancet 1977;1:713-7.
475.
Ozaki Y, Keane D, Serruys PW. Fluctuation of spastic location
in patients with vasospastic angina: a quantitative angiographic
study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1606-14.
476.
Yamagishi M, Miyatake K, Tamai J, Nakatani S, Koyama J, Nissen
SE. Intravascular ultrasound detection of atherosclerosis
at the site of focal vasospasm in angiographically normal
or minimally narrowed coronary segments. J Am Coll Cardiol
1994;23:352-7.
477.
Maseri A, Severi S, Nes MD, et al. "Variant" angina: one aspect
of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia.
Pathogenetic mechanisms, estimated incidence and clinical
and coronary arteriographic findings in 138 patients. Am J
Cardiol 1978;42:1019-35.
478.
Walling A, Waters DD, Miller DD, Roy D, Pelletier GB, Theroux
P. Long-term prognosis of patients with variant angina. Circulation
1987;76:990-7.
479.
Rovai D, Bianchi M, Baratto M, et al. Organic coronary stenosis
in Prinzmetal's variant angina. J Cardiol 1997;30:299-305.
480.
Previtali M, Ardissino D, Barberis P, Panciroli C, Chimienti
M, Salerno JA. Hyperventilation and ergonovine tests in Prinzmetal's
variant angina pectoris in men. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:17-20.
481.
Matsuda Y, Ozaki M, Ogawa H, et al. Coronary arteriography
and left ventriculography during spontaneous and exercise-induced
ST segment elevation in patients with variant angina. Am Heart
J 1983;106:509-15.
482.
Raizner AE, Chahine RA, Ishimori T, et al. Provocation of
coronary artery spasm by the cold pressor test: hemodynamic,
arteriographic and quantitative angiographic observations.
Circulation 1980;62:925-32.
483.
Ogawa H, Yasue H, Oshima S, Okumura K, Matsuyama K, Obata
K. Circadian variation of plasma fibrinopeptide A level in
patients with variant angina. Circulation 1989;80:1617-26.
484.
Nobuyoshi M, Abe M, Nosaka H, et al. Statistical analysis
of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification
of the most important determinant. Am Heart J 1992;124:32-8.
485.
Sugiishi M, Takatsu F. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor
for coronary spasm. Circulation 1993;87:76-9.
486.
Miller DD, Waters DD, Szlachcic J, Theroux P. Clinical characteristics
associated with sudden death in patients with variant angina.
Circulation 1982;66:588-92.
487.
Fukai T, Koyanagi S, Takeshita A. Role of coronary vasospasm
in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction: study in patients
with no significant coronary stenosis. Am Heart J 1993;126:1305-11.
488.
MacAlpin RN. Cardiac arrest and sudden unexpected death in
variant angina: complications of coronary spasm that can occur
in the absence of severe organic coronary stenosis. Am Heart
J 1993;125:1011-7.
489.
Willerson JT, Hillis LD, Winniford M, Buja LM. Speculation
regarding mechanisms responsible for acute ischemic heart
disease syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;8:245-50.
490.
Kugiyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, et al. Nitric oxide activity
is deficient in spasm arteries of patients with coronary spastic
angina. Circulation 1996;94:266-71.
491.
Yasue H, Touyama M, Kato H, Tanaka S, Akiyama F. Prinzmetal''s
variant form of angina as a manifestation of alpha-adrenergic
receptor-mediated coronary artery spasm: documentation by
coronary arteriography. Am Heart J 1976;91:148-55.
492.
Shephard JT, Katsie ZJ. Endothelium derived vasoactive factors,
I: endothelium-dependent relaxation. Hypertension 1991;18
(Suppl III):III-76-85.
493.
Yasue H, Horio Y, Nakamura N, et al. Induction of coronary
artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina:
possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the
pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. Circulation 1986;74:955-63.
494.
Katsumata N, Shimokawa H, Seto M, et al. Enhanced myosin light
chain phosphorylations as a central mechanism for coronary
artery spasm in a swine model with interleukin-1ß. Circulation
1997;96:4357-63.
495.
Mayer S, Hillis LD. Prinzmetal's variant angina. Clin Cardiol
1998;21:243-6.
496.
Nakao K, Ohgushi M, Yoshimura M, et al. Hyperventilation as
a specific test for diagnosis of coronary artery spasm. Am
J Cardiol 1997;80:545-9.
497.
Pepine CJ. Ergonovine echocardiography for coronary spasmfacts
and wishful thinking. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1162-3.
498.
Opie LH. Calcium channel antagonists in the management of
anginal syndromes: changing concepts in relation to the role
of coronary vasospasm. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1996;38:291-314.
499.
Chahine RA, Feldman RL, Giles TD, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled
trial of amlodipine in vasospastic angina. Amlodipine Study
160 Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:1365-70.
500.
Lombardi M, Morales MA, Michelassi C, Moscarelli E, Distante
A, L'Abbate A. Efficacy of isosorbide-5-mononitrate versus
nifedipine in preventing spontaneous and ergonovine-induced
myocardial ischaemia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Eur Heart J 1993;14:845-51.
501.
Yasue H, Takizawa A, Nagao M. Long-term prognosis for patients
with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 1988;
78:19.
502.
Rosen SD, Uren NG, Kaski JC, Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, Camici
PG. Coronary vasodilator reserve, pain perception, and sex
in patients with syndrome X. Circulation 1994; 90:50-60.
503.
Kaski JC, Rosano GM, Collins P, Nihoyannopoulos P, Maseri
A, Poole-Wilson PA. Cardiac syndrome X clinical characteristics
and left ventricular function: long-term follow-up study.
J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:807-14.
504.
Mohri M, Koyanagi M, Egashira K. Angina pectoris caused by
coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet 1998;351:1165-9.
505.
Camici PG, Marraccini P, Lorenzoni R. Coronary hemodynamics
and myocardial metabolism in patients with syndrome X response
to pacing stress. J Am Coll Cardiol1991; 17:1461-70.
506.
Anselmi M, Golia G, Marino P. Comparison of left ventricular
function and volumes during transesophageal atrial pacing
combined with two-dimensional echocardiography in patients
with syndrome X, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease,
and normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:1261-5.
507.
Kemp HG, Kronmal RA, Vlietstra RE, Frye RL. Seven year survival
of patients with normal or near normal coronary arteriograms:
a CASS registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986;7: 479-83.
508.
Opherk D, Schuler G, Wetterauer K, Manthey J, Schwarz F, Kubler
W. Four-year follow-up study in patients with angina pectoris
and normal coronary arteriograms Circulation 1989;80: 1610-6.
509.
Cannon RO, Watson RM, Rosing DR, Epstein SE. Efficacy of calcium
channel blocker therapy for angina pectoris resulting from
small-vessel coronary artery disease and abnormal vasodilator
reserve. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:242-6.
510.
Bugiardini R, Borghi A, Biagetti L, Puddu P. Comparison of
verapamil versus propranolol therapy in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol
1989;63:286-90.
511.
Maseri A. Ischemic heart disease: a rationale basis for clinical
practice and clinical research. New York, NY. Churchill Livingstone;
1995.
512.
Galassi AR, Kaski JC, Pupita G, Vejar M, Crea F, Maseri A.
Lack of evidence for alpha-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanisms
in the genesis of ischemia in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 1989;64:264-9.
513.
Cannon RO, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R. Imipramine in patients
with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl
J Med 1994;330:1411-7.
514.
Roque M, Heras M, Roig E. Short-term effects of transdermal
estrogen replacement therapy on coronary vascular reactivity
in postmenopausal women with angina pectoris and normal results
on coronary angiograms. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:139-43.
515.
Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D. 17-beta-Estradiol therapy
lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J
Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1500-5.
516.
Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, et al. Predictors of
outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without
persistent ST-segment elevation. Results from an international
trial of 9461 patients. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation
2000;101: 2557-67.
517.
Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, et al. The TIMI risk score
for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: a method for prognostication
and therapeutic decision making. JAMA 2000;284:835-42.
518.
Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison
of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients
with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1879-87.
519.
Morrow DA, Antman EM, Snapinn S, et al. An Integrated Clinical
Approach to Predicting the Benefit of Tirofiban in Non-ST
Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Application of the TIMI
Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI in PRISM-PLUS. Eur Heart J 2002;23:223-9.
520.
Myocardial infarction redefined-a consensus document of the
Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology
Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. J
Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:959-69.
521.
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox
KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients
with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation.
N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502.
522.
Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, et al. Effects of pretreatment
with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy
in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:
the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001;358:527-33.
523.
Physicians' desk reference. 56th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical
Economics Company Inc, 2002:3085.
524.
Cadroy Y, Bossavy JP, Thalamas C, Sagnard L, Sakariassen K,
Boneu B. Early potent antithrombotic effect with combined
aspirin and a loading dose of clopidogrel on experimental
arterial thrombogenesis in humans. Circulation 2000;101:2823-8.
525.
Helft G, Osende JI, Worthley SG, et al. Acute antithrombotic
effect of a front-loaded regimen of clopidogrel in patients
with atherosclerosis on aspirin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc
Biol 2000;20:2316-21.
526.
Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, for the
CLASSICS Investigators. Double-blind study of the safety of
clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination
with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with
aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent
international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 2000;102:624-9.
527.
Collet JP, Montalescot G, Lison L, et al. Percutaneous coronary
intervention after subcutaneous enoxaparin pretreatment in
patients with unstable angina pectoris. Circulation 2001;103:658-63.
528.
Kereiakes DJ, Grines C, Fry E, et al. Enoxaparin and abciximab
adjunctive pharmacotherapy during percutaneous coronary intervention.
J Invasive Cardiol 2001;13:272-8.
529.
Michalis LK, Papamichail N, Katsouras C, et al. Enoxaparin
versus tinzaparin in the management of unstable coronary artery
disease (EVET Study) [abstr]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:365a.
530.
Simoons ML. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker
abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes
without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS
randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1915-24.
531.
Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor
with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial
infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome
Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms
(PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators [published erratum appears
in N Engl J Med 1998 Aug 6;339:415]. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1488-97.
532.
Morrow DA, Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Theroux P. Benefit of tirofiban
among patients treated without coronary intervention: application
of the TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation
MI in PRISM-PLUS. Circulation 2001;104(Suppl II):II-782.
533.
Deleted in press.
534.
Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide
in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial
Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable
Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. N Engl
J Med 1998;339:436-43.
535.
Boersma E, Harrington RA, Moliterno DJ, et al. Platelet glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis
of all major randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2002;359:189-98.
536.
Cohen M, Theroux P, Frey MJ, et al. Anti-thrombotic combination
using tirofiban and enoxaparin: The ACUTE II Study [abstr].
Circulation 2000;102(Suppl II):II-826.
537.
Young JJ, Kereiakes DJ, Grines CL. Low-molecular-weight heparin
therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: the NICE 1
and NICE 4 trials. National Investigators Collaborating on
Enoxaparin Investigators. J Invasive Cardiol 2000;12(Suppl
E):E14-E18.
538.
Kereiakes DJ, Kleiman NS, Fry E, et al. Dalteparin in combination
with abciximab during percutaneous coronary intervention.
Am Heart J 2001;141:348-52.
539.
Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Comparison of early invasive and conservative
strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes. N
Engl J Med 2001;345:1574-5 [letter to editor].
540.
Deleted in press.
541.
Greenbaum AB, Harrington RA, Hudson MP, et al, for the PURSUIT
Investigators. Therapeutic value of eptifibatide at community
hospitals transferring patients to tertiary referral centers
early after admission for acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll
Cardiol 2001;37:492-8.
542.
Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent
implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet 2000;356:2037-44.
543.
O'Shea JC, Hafley GE, Greenberg S, et al. Platelet glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa integrin blockade with eptifibatide in coronary stent
intervention: the ESPRIT trial: a randomized controlled trial.
JAMA 2001;285:2468-73.
544.
Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, et al. Comparison of
two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and
abciximab, for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous
coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1888-94.
545.
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol
Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation,
And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment
Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97.
546.
Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin
on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes:
the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1711-8.
547.
Arntz HR, Agrawal R, Wunderlich W, et al. Beneficial effects
of pravastatin (+/-colestyramine/niacin) initiated immediately
after a coronary event (the randomized Lipid-Coronary Artery
Disease [L-CAD] Study). Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1293-8.
548.
Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. Early statin treatment following
acute myocardial infarction and 1-year survival. JAMA 2001;285:430-6.
549.
Fonarow GC, Gawlinski A, Moughrabi S, Tillisch JH. Improved
treatment of coronary heart disease by implementation of a
Cardiac Hospitalization Atherosclerosis Management Program
(CHAMP). Am J Cardiol 2001;87:819-22.
550.
Muhlestein JB, Horne BD, Bair TL, et al. Usefulness of in-hospital
prescription of statin agents after angiographic diagnosis
of coronary artery disease in improving continued compliance
and reduced mortality. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:257-61.
551.
Fonarow GC, Ballantyne CM. In-hospital initiation of lipid-lowering
therapy for patients with coronary heart disease: the time
is now. Circulation 2001;103:2768-70.
552.
Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines
for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American
College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force
on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1993 Guidelines
for Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty). J Am
Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2239i-lxvi.
Copyright
© 2002 by the American College of Cardiology and American
Heart Association, Inc.
|