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History
A Short History of Interventional
Cardiology
• 3000 BC – Egyptians
perform bladder catheterizations using metal pipes.
• 1929 – First documented
human cardiac catheterization is performed by Dr. Werner
Forssmann in Eberswald, Germany.
• 1964 – Dr. Charles
Dotter, working with Dr. Melvin Judkins, introduces
transluminal angioplasty (using multiple catheters of
increasing diameter to open blocked arteries) in the
United States; not accepted here, Dr. Dotter’s
innovation is embraced in Europe by Dr. Eberhart Zeitler
who then teaches it to Dr. Andreas Gruentzig.
• 1974 – Dr. Gruentzig
performs first peripheral human balloon angioplasty.
• 1977 – First human
coronary balloon angioplasty is performed intraoperatively
by Dr. Gruentzig, Dr. Richard Myler, and Dr. Elias Hanna
in San Francisco.
• 1978 – First percutaneous
coronary angioplasty (PTCA) cases are performed in the
United States by Dr. Myler in San Francisco and Dr.
Simon Stertzer in New York; Dr. Gruentzig conducts first
demonstration course in Zurich, Switzerland, attended
by 28 pioneering physicians; International Dilation
Society is established.
• 1980 – Dr. Gruentzig
conducts the last of five demonstration courses in Zurich
with Dr. Mason Sones, Dr. Judkins and Dr. Dotter in
attendance; he then moves to Atlanta where be becomes
Director of Interventional Cardiology at Emory University;
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute begins support
of the existing PTCA registry; first 1,000 angioplasties
are performed worldwide; guiding catheters are introduced.
• 1982 – Over-the-wire
coaxial balloon systems are introduced, brachial guiding
catheters and steerable guide wires are developed
• 1985 – A year of loss
in the history of interventional medicine: Drs. Dotter,
Sones, Judkins, and Gruentzig all pass away within nine
months of each other.
• 1986 – Coronary atherectomy
devices are introduced.
• 1987 – First use of
coronary stents in the United States in humans by Dr.
Spencer King and Dr. John Douglas.
• 1987 – 1993 –
A large number of new interventional devices are invented
and perfected; some, like lasers, are less effective
than hoped for; others are approved and used worldwide;
these devices include rotational atherectomy devices
(Rotablator), intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and stents.
• 1994 – 1997 –
Stents become commonplace and eliminate many complications;
CMS increases stent payment.
• 1997 – Over one million
angioplasties are performed worldwide, making angioplasty
the most common medical intervention in the world.
• 1999 – American Board
of Internal Medicine (ABIM) introduces interventional
cardiology certification.
• 2001 – Almost two million
angioplasties are performed worldwide, with an estimated
increase of 8 percent annually.
• 2002 – The 25th anniversary
of the first angioplasty performed in a conscious patient.
Drug-eluting stents (DES) are introduced; Cook, Inc.
is approved to sell Achieve and V-Flex Plus PTX drug-eluting
stents in Europe.
• 2003 – FDA approves
the Cypher DES manufactured by Johnson & Johnson/Cordis
for sale in the United States; CMS starts DES payment.
• 2003 – 2004 –
Use of bare-metal stents in the United States drops
from 75 percent to 19 percent, while use of DES rises
from 23 percent to 63 percent (ACC’s NCDR registry
data).
• 2004 – 21 percent of
ACC membership is performing interventional procedures;
FDA approves Boston Scientific’s Taxus DES.
• 2005 – ACC, SCAI, VIVA,
CRT and others join forces to create i2 Summit 2006:
Innovation in Intervention to be held concurrently with
ACC’s 2006 Annual Scientific Session; Medtronic
receives approval to market Endeavor DES in Europe;
Global DES market is $5.5 billion and sales are estimated
to be growing at nearly 40 percent.
This timeline has been adapted from
information supplied by the independent educational
health site Angioplasty.Org,
which provides historical and current content on the
field of angioplasty.
Sources:
American College of Cardiology, ACC-NCDR®
National Cardiovascular Data Registry, © 2005
“Angioplasty From Bench to
Bedside to Bench”, Spencer B. King, III, MD, Circulation.
1996;93:1621-1629.) © 1996 American Heart Association,
Inc.
“Angioplasty Timeline”,
www.angioplasty.org,
www.ptca.org
© Copyright Venture Digital LLC 1996-2005
“Cook Wins Approval To Sell
Second Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent In Europe”, http://www.cookgroup.com/news/090502.html
Copyright © Cook Group Incorporated 2005.
“the Edge”, Cardiovascular
Services Briefing 2003, Sg2
“Medtronic Wins Europe's
Backing For Coated Stent” Thomas M. Burton, Wall
Street Journal, p.B3, August 1, 2005.
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