The following are key points to remember from a state-of-the-art review on consumer wearable health and fitness technology in cardiovascular (CV) medicine:

1. Increased use of consumer wearable devices (CWDs) by the general population has led to democratization in access to physiologic data, though presents challenges for clinicians who are often asked to interpret CWD data. Challenges with interpretation are magnified by diversity in CWD-collected metrics, CWD use of proprietary algorithms, and the absence of normative data for most parameters.
2. Most CWDs measure heart rate (HR) using optical photoplethysmography (PPG), commonly at the wrist or finger, or electrocardiography (ECG), typically in the form of commercial chest straps. PPG-based HR measurements are challenging to interpret and implement in practice given variability in CWDs studied, testing conditions, and gold-standard comparators. As PPG-based measurements are used to derive many secondary variables, inaccuracies in measurement are often magnified downstream.
3. Heart rate variability (HRV), while shown to have prognostic value among CV disease populations, is challenging to collect and interpret in clinical practice. CWDs use a variety of different metrics to calculate HRV (both time and frequency domain metrics), are often sensitive to ectopic beats, and were validated in controlled research settings. Interpretation of HRV using absolute values is discouraged, although trends over time and when integrated with the clinical history may be valuable.
4. Several popular CWDs have received regulatory approval for atrial fibrillation (AF) detection. These algorithms were designed, however, for AF screening (not for other arrhythmias) and do not quantify arrhythmia burden. An irregular pulse-detection does not diagnose AF. If a patient’s device has ECG capabilities, the patient may record a single ECG tracing, but this requires user interaction and subsequent clinician review, which has the potential to increase clinician burden.
5. Several methods of wearable blood pressure measurements exist or are under development, though validation in diverse cohorts and contexts is still needed before these can be used widely.
6. The use of CWDs to track step count has been shown to increase physical activity and improve body composition. Most contemporary CWDs use accelerometers or gyroscopes to measure step count. There is wide variability in the accuracy of CWD-based step count, however, based on manufacturer, model, speed, testing environment, and body location. CWDs using GPS to track distance and velocity also have variable performance based on lived environment (e.g., decreased performance in urban areas).
7. Wrist-worn CWDs, which rely on PPG for oxygen saturation (SpO) measurement, have generally shown poor accuracy and tend to overestimate SpO₂. Rigorous evaluations in diverse cohorts are needed prior to clinical use.
8. Respiratory rate (RR) can be measured using chest straps with biosensors to detect chest wall movement or indirectly using algorithms that detect alterations of PPG and/or ECG signals with breathing. The authors are unaware of any large-scale published data examining RR accuracy using common CWDs during exercise. While chest straps have been shown to be more accurate than wrist-worn CWDs, wrist-worn devices may have adequate performance during sleep.
9. CWDs has been shown to improve patient-reported sleep quality. Compared to gold-standard polysomnography, CWDs demonstrate good performance for defining sleep duration but are less accurate at detecting wakefulness and for differentiating the stages of sleep.
10. In general, interpretation of CWD data requires awareness of clinical context and individual trends over time.
11. As PPG is the primary method used by many CWDs to measure various health metrics, measurement errors impact a significant number of measured and estimated variables. Skin tone, motion, anatomic location of measurement, and anatomic fit are some of many factors impacting the strength of PPG signals. In the case of skin tone, CWDs have shown decreased accuracy in persons with darker skin tones, which has the potential to exacerbate structural health disparities.
12. Ownership imbalance in CWDs has perpetuated disparities, as research studies often recruit individuals who already own CWDs. To avoid worsening structural inequities, it is essential that these devices be studied in diverse populations and environmental conditions.

Clinical Topics: Arrhythmias and Clinical EP, Cardiovascular Care Team, Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Disease, Prevention, Sports and Exercise Cardiology, Implantable Devices, EP Basic Science, SCD/Ventricular Arrhythmias, Atrial Fibrillation/Supraventricular Arrhythmias, Exercise, Sleep Apnea

Keywords: Accelerometry, Athletes, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Atrial Fibrillation, Biosensing Techniques, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Cardiac Complexes, Premature, Electrocardiography, Exercise, Fitness Trackers, Heart Rate, Photoplethysmography, Physical Fitness, Polysomnography, Primary Prevention, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep Stages, Thoracic Wall, Wearable Electronic Devices

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