Revascularization in SCAD-STEMI Patients

Study Questions:

What are outcomes among women presenting with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and undergoing revascularization?

Methods:

This was a retrospective analysis from two STEMI centers evaluating 3-year outcomes among patients presenting with SCAD. Outcomes were compared to patients presenting with STEMI due to atherosclerosis.

Results:

Overall prevalence of SCAD-STEMI was 1% (53 out of 5,208), with the vast majority occurring in women (93% women) and most often in younger women (prevalence 19% in women <50 years old). Compared to STEMI due to atherosclerosis, STEMI-SCAD patients were younger (age 49 ±10 years vs. 63 ±13 years), were more often female (93% vs. 27%), and had more frequent cardiogenic shock (19% vs. 9%). In STEMI-SCAD, the culprit artery was more commonly left main (LM) (13% vs. 1%) or left anterior descending (LAD) (47% vs. 38%) (p < 0.003). STEMI-SCAD patients were less likely to undergo revascularization (70% vs. 97%; p < 0.001) and the majority received percutaneous revascularization (62% percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI] vs. 8% coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]). STEMI-SCAD patients who underwent coronary revascularization were likely to have shock, LM disease, proximal dissection, or reduced Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow. The 3-year survival was 98% for STEMI-SCAD versus 84% for STEMI due to atherosclerosis (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

STEMI-SCAD is common among young women presenting with acute MI and tends to involve the LM or proximal LAD more commonly than STEMI due to atherosclerosis. Successful PCI rates are high and overall 3-year mortality is favorable for STEMI-SCAD patients.

Perspective:

The current study adds much needed data to the SCAD literature. Although this is a retrospective analysis and risks missed SCAD diagnoses, it provides some important insights into patients presenting with STEMI secondary to SCAD. The authors re-confirm that this diagnosis is most often seen in younger women with STEMI and more likely to involve more proximal segments of the coronary tree (LM and LAD) at the time of presentation. Interestingly, about two thirds of patients underwent revascularization and a minority were treated conservatively, reflecting the more acute presentation of STEMI and need for more urgent mechanical revascularization. Although expert consensus recommends conservative management in stable patients, it is reassuring to know that in this more unstable presentation when PCI was necessary, >90% of patients who underwent PCI had a successful outcome. Furthermore, the overall outcomes at 3 years were favorable, although longer term follow-up will be needed. Although more study is needed to outline optimal revascularization strategies in SCAD patients, this study provides reassurance in support of mechanical revascularization when needed for patients presenting with STEMI secondary to SCAD.

Clinical Topics: Acute Coronary Syndromes, Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathies, Invasive Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention, Aortic Surgery, Cardiac Surgery and CHD and Pediatrics, Cardiac Surgery and Heart Failure, Congenital Heart Disease, CHD and Pediatrics and Interventions, Acute Heart Failure, Interventions and ACS, Interventions and Structural Heart Disease

Keywords: Acute Coronary Syndrome, Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Bypass, Dissection, Coronary Vessel Anomalies, Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Revascularization, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Shock, Cardiogenic


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