Results:

A total of 82 academic institutions responded (43% survey response rate), including large universities, smaller universities, and community hospitals. Among responding institutions, 47 (57%) do not currently offer advanced cardiovascular imaging training. Among these institutions, 40 (85%) cited insufficient funding, 14 (30%) insufficient faculty, and 15 (32%) insufficient case volume as a reason for the lack of a training program. The 35 responding institutions currently offering advanced cardiovascular imaging training are all large universities. Among 45 identified training pathways, 65-70 new trainees are accepted annually. Pathway duration varies from 1 year (56%) to 2 years (31%), with the remaining 13% flexible between 1-2 years. Teaching faculty include both cardiologists and radiologists (n = 30 [67%]), or only cardiologists (n = 15 [33%]). A large majority of pathways (84%) accept external candidates, among which a minority (37%) accept graduates from foreign cardiology fellowship programs.