A 72-year-old woman with severe asthma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a history of coronary artery disease treated 10 years ago with 2-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting presented to the emergency department with chest pain. She reported Canadian Cardiovascular Society Class III angina over the past 3-4 months, increasing in frequency from a few times a week to multiple times daily. She had no symptoms at rest.
The initial electrocardiogram was normal, and her high-sensitivity troponin level was elevated to 42 ng/L (n < 14 ng/L). Due to concerns for acute coronary syndrome, the patient was referred for coronary angiography, which revealed calcified vessels with poor distal runoff and no options for revascularization. An echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular ejection fraction.
The correct answer is: E. B and/or C
Although beta-blockers are recommended as first-line anti-anginal therapy in patients with chronic angina (Class I recommendation, Level of Evidence B), nitrates and calcium channel blockers are recommended whenever beta-blockers are contra-indicated (as with severe asthma, which is the case with this patient) or not tolerated (Class I recommendation, Level of Evidence B).1 The patient was discharged with anti-anginal therapy in addition to medical therapy for aggressive cardiovascular risk factor modification.
References
- Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:e44-e164.