The patient is an 80-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2, end stage renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer with recent radiation therapy. He is seen in the emergency department because of marked increase in dyspnea and fatigue.
Figure 1
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed and shows which of the following?
Show Answer
The correct answer is: D. Hyperkalemia
The ECG shows very slow atrial rhythm with P waves (black arrows) morphology suggestive of low ectopic atrial rhythm. Atrial rate is 37 bpm. While some P waves conduct, most of the beats are not proceeded by a P wave and represent junctional escape beats. The QRS complexes are wide with RBBB configuration. Inferior Q waves are present as well as marked increased in anterior forces (increase R waves in V1 – V3) indicative of posterolateral as well as inferior infarction of undetermined age. The positive T wave in V1 and V2 denotes the age undetermined status.
Patient underwent left heart catherization and was found to have 100% obstruction of the circumflex and obtuse marginal branches as well as 95% stenosis of the right coronary artery.
Widening QRS and junctional escape rhythm as well as peaked and narrow based T waves in the precordial leads (blue stars) are manifestations of mild to moderate hyperkalemia.1,2 Serum potassium level was 6.4 mEq/L.
Figure 2
Mattu et al.2 reported the electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia relative to serum potassium level into three levels as:
Mild hyperkalemia 5.5-6.5 mEq/L
a. Peaked (tented) T-waves with narrow base, best seen in precordial leads
Moderate hyperkalemia 6.5-8.0 mEq/L
Peaked T-waves
PR prolongation
Decreased P wave amplitude
Widening of QRS duration
Severe hyperkalemia >8.0 mEq/L
Absence of P-wave
Intraventricular conduction delay, fascicular blocks, BBBs, and QRS axis shift
Progressive widening of QRS resulting in bizarre QRS morphology
Sine-wave pattern, ventricular fibrillation, and asystole
References
Littmann L, Gibbs MA. Electrocardiographic manifestations of severe hyperkalemia. J Electrocardiol 2018;51:814-17.
Mattu A, Brady WJ, Robinson DA. Electrocardiographic manifestations of hyperkalemia. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:721-29.